Studied by 28 people
kaiser goes into exile
November 1918 abdicates to holland because after the war everyone dislikes him
when was the armistice signed
November 1918
Who signed the Armistice
Erzberger signed the armistice to officially end ww1.
What was the effect of the Armistice being signed
People didn't like this as they believed Germany still could have won the war making the stab in the back theory.
What was the New Constitution in Germany
Weimar republic was the government that took over Germany after ww1
Who was Ebert
chancellor of the Weimar Republic
What were Ebert's promises
Freedom of speech and religion
20+ could vote,
the chancellor was voted every 7 years,
8 hour working days.
wouldn't take state control over private industry
What is the Weimar Constitution
state governments have their own laws and police but could be overruled.
proportional representation percentage of each party this leads to an unstable government
When was ToV signed
28 june 1919
What is Article 48
the president can overrule without the Reichstag's approval (in certain situations)
What did Germany lose to the Treaty of Versailles
13% of Eu territory
50% iron reserves
15% coal reserves
11 of its colonies around the world
which Eu territory did germany loose in tov
Alsace + Lorraine to France
Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
posen and west prussia to poland
northern Schleswig voted to become part of Poland
how many marks were owed in the tov
136,000 million marks
what is the war guilt in tov
Article 231 unfair to germans as they believed all that took part were to blame
Military Restrictions in treaty of Versailles
6 battleships 6 cruisers 12 destroyers and 12 torpedos
no tanks submarines or airforce
the army was limited to 100,000 men
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect politicians in Germany?
caused resentment as the people blamed the politicians
What were two effects of the ToV
The ToV caused the Weimar Republic to be hated by the German population
The weakened Military
What was the Spartacist revolution ?
a communist revolution in Berlin on 5 Jan 1919, occupying headquarters and bringing about a general strike.
How was the Spartacist Revolt put down?
The Spartacist revolution was shut down by the freikorp The revolution leaders (Rosa Luxemburg and Karl leibnecht) were shot.
What are two effects of the Spartacist Revolution
the government had to use the Freikorp to shut it down
Who are the Freikorps?
Ex-army right-wing group (voluntary army)
When was the Kapp Putsch?
March 1920
What was the Kapp Putsch?
In 1920 Ebert tried to disband two Friekorp units. The friekorps revolted marching to Berlin and declaring Dr WolfGang Kapp as Germany’s new leader Kapp was an extreme Nationalist who had the support of army officers. The army would not stop the Freikorp as they felt sympathy for their aims.
how was the Kapp Putsch stopped
Ebert appealed to the people. he encouraged a general strike. Gas water and electricity was disrupted by the strikes and the city was unable to function. Kapp realised he did not have the people's support and fled to Sweden. The freikorp were disbanded
What were the two effects of the Kapp Putsch?
Ebert had to resort to using the people because ebert had little military power
Showed that the people supported Ebert or ebert over kapp
Why did Hitler become in charge of propaganda leader ?
Numbers increased in feb 1920 to 1100 allowing them to have a newspaper where Hitler became in charge of propaganda called People observer
What was the newspaper that Hitler ran called
people observer
Good leader qualities that Hitler had
Developed friendships with powerful people
Talented speaker
controlled the party like a military
suggested a name change
introduced the swastika
used the party newspaper
surrounded himself with loyal individuals
When did Hitler join the German worker party
1919
when did Hitler become in charge of propaganda
February 1920
What did Hitler do whilst doing propaganda
Hitler and Drexler rewrote the party aims and published them in the nazi 25 point programme, and renamed the party to Nationalist socialist German workers party
How did hitler appeal the party to everyone
kept aims vague so that they would appeal to more people
When did Hitler become party leader
1921
what were people attracted by in the german workers party
Nationalists keen on the destruction of ToV
people who wanted to blame for Germany’s problems were attracted by anti semitism
middle class and big business liked Hitlers Anti-communist ideas
When was the SA set up?
August 1921
Who led the SA
Ernst Röhm
What colour was SA uniform
brown
What were the SA like?
violent and broke up opposition political party meetings
demonstrated Hitlers power
Who are the SS?
Hitler's private bodyguards most trusted members of the SA
Why did the invasion of the Ruhr happen
Germany failed to pay reparations twice in 1922. Which caused the french to retaliate.
When and who attacked the ruhr
Belgian and French attacked the Ruhr in january 1923 to take industrial products rather than cash payments
How did the Weimar deal with the invasion of the ruhr
Because they couldn't use military action they encouraged workers to go on a campaign of passive resistance and still get payed, this caused the French to bring their own workers in
How many french civilians were killed in the ruhr
and why were they killed
fighting between the french and german caused over 100 french civilians to be killed by the occupying forces
How long did the invasion of the ruhr take
Jan 1923 - jul 1925 (after the dawes plan was signed they removed their forces)
two effects of the invasion of the ruhr
the weimar republic grew in popularity as they resisted the french and gave strike pay
worsened hyper inflation
how did the ruhr invasion effect inflation
forced the government to print more money for those on strike pay
What caused hyperinflation?
The Weimar Government printing off money to pay reparations by 1923 they had 300 papermills and 200 printer shops printing money
How many marks per dollar in 1914 vs 1922 vs jan 1923 vs nov 1923
1914-4
1922-493
jan 1923-17972
nov1923-4.2 bil
Effects of hyperinflation
Money lost all value
Many small businesses collapsed
Savings and pensions became worthless
Debts were easily paid off
people would immediately buy things with their salaries and sell it for stuff they wanted
who benefited with hyperinflation
farmers and loan payers
effect of hyperinflation on the wiemar
people blamed the Weimar
and they became at threat of being overthrown
Who led the Munich Putsch?
Adolf Hitler and General Ludendorff
why did Hitler lead the putsch when he did
people were angry at the Weimar for the loss of land and the stab in the back theory so the right-wing government's popularity increased.
Hyperinflation at its peak
The party had 20,000 at the time
Who were the Nazis inspired by in the Munich putsch
Italian right-wing party Fascists the nazis copied their salute and were inspired by their march to Rome
Munich Putsch 8 Nov 1923
Hitler and SA stormed the beer hall
Kahr and Lossow swore loyalty to the putsch and left
Munich Putsch 9 Nov 1923
lossow and kahr declared opposition to the putsch
Ludendorff convinced Hitler to not give up
2000 Nazis marched Munich and took over vital buildings
14 nazis killed
Munich Putsch 11 nov 1923
Hitler was arrested and awaiting trial
What was the temporary currency
Streseman created RentenMark in Nov 1923
What was the Rentenmark based on?
Agricultural and industry values rather than gold reserves
effects of the Reichsbank
stronger economy
In February 1924 who was put on trial
Hitler, Ludendorff and Röhm
How did Hitler use his trial as a stage
making speeches attacking the government, calling them traitors.
This increased his popularity seeing him as a nationalist figure
Quote from hitlers speech
There is no such thing as treason against the traitors of 1918
Outcome of the trials in 1924
Hitler was found guilty and sentenced to 5 years at Landsberg castle ( a very nice jail) but served 9 months
Ludendorff was let off sympathy considering he is a war hero
The nazi party was banned
What is Mien Kampf
a book Hitler wrote whilst in jail
is an autobiography by the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
ideas that Hitler expressed in Mein Kampf
(9 ideas)
German race will rule one day
Jews are leading a conspiracy to undermine Aryans
Jews want to weaken Aryans with intermarriage
Jews are taking over
the treaty must be undone
living space is needed so that Aryans can expand
invade Russia to drive out the communist threat
wealth should benefit working not the rich
Democracy is weak
how did Hitler reorganise the nazis
HQ in Munich
34 districts a nazi leader in each
1926 Nazi rallies
encouraged young people to join the sa Hitler youth was set up
established the ss
Goebbels in charge of propaganda
winning support from farmers
What is the Daws Plan?
Stresemann believed they could negotiate better reparation payments.America sent over Charles Dawes to help.
Outcome of the Dawes Plan
1924
the USA loaned 800 million gold marks boosting the german economy
reparations for the first five years would be 1000 million marks after that 2500 million
the allies would review payments
french withdraw from ruhr
What's the Locarno Pact?
in October 1925 Germany signed the Locarno pact to agree to avoid military force, Alsace-Lorraine is french.
Germanys borders would be settled in peaceful means.
Mutual agreement of the frontiers of Belgium, France and Germany - agreed by Britain and Italy
arbitration between Germany and France
arbitration between Germany and Belgium
arbitration between Germany and Poland
arbitration between Germany and Czechoslovakia
mutual assistance between France and Poland in any conflict with Germany
mutual assistance between France and Czechoslovakia in any conflict with Germany
which 7 countries were involved in the Locarno pact
Poland
Czechslovakia
Germany
France
Italy
Belgium
Britain
Inappropriate mneumonic :
big boy carefully fucks girl in pilates
Germany joins League of Nations
September 1926, positive and negative with the people
they could join because of the locarno pact
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The agreement was signed in Aug 1928 in which 62 (inc Germany) nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another
Effects of the Kellogg-Briand pact
It made a step toward international rehabilitation for Germany. It confirmed that Britain and France were concerned to avoid another war.
It was a big publicity stunt which was Good for the Weimar
Young Plan
Aug 1929
The total reparations bill was reduced to around $8 billion.
The payments were to be made over 59 years, at a rate of $473 million per year.
Germany was only obliged to pay a third of the annual sum each year. It should pay the rest if it could afford to do so.
With additional 59 years to pay it off.
So taxes could be lowered & affordable
Some angered as still had to pay 50 million a year until 1988
When was the wall street crash
October 1929
What was the wall street crash
many American businesses were destroyed by the Wall Street Crash. This, in turn, triggered a downturn in the US economy. The USA recalled the loans it had made to Germany. This led to a financial crisis in Germany, because the government did not have the money to repay the loans.
Effects of the wall street crash
Needed loans back from germanby triggered grt depression
The great depression
1929
unemployment rates increased and production, prices, and wages declined after the crash of the stock market which caused a long business slump
the great depression young people
more than 50% aged 16-30 were unemployed, even with degrees
the great depression, factory workers
4/10 couldn't get jobs
The Great Depression farmers
decrease in crop prices
Effects of the Great Depression
Two party leaders Brüning wanted to cut welfare benefits and Müller said no and resigned. Brüning them became chancellor and asked Hindenburg to use Article 48.Causing Germany to no longer be a full democracy.
Brüning was unpopular and people turned to extremist parties
Nazis gave out scapegoats
1930 Election Result
Nazis 107 seats vs communist 77 seats
Who was the largest party in the Reichstag in 1932
Nazis, focused on
Appeal of hitler \n Activities of SA \n Propaganda
In 1933 who was chancellor
Brüning resigned because he lost support of the reichstag (he tried to ban the sa and ss)
von papen was appointed as chancellor
von papen then resigns after loosing seats in the 1932 election
von papen convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler (so that papen could control from the backround)
hitler was made chancellor in jan 1933
When was the Reichstag building set of fire
27 feb 1933
Who was to blame for the reichstag fire
A Dutch communist boy called marrinus van der lubbe he was found with matches and fire lighters. He confessed and was put on trial with 4 others howver he insisted he worked alone and the others were acquitted.
Was Lubbe really to blame
People wondered if he was set up by the Nazis, considering he was communist they then used this to their advantage
What were the consequences of the Reichstag fire
4000 communist arrested, this was so that the communists couldnt campaign
28th february 1933, the decree for the protection of the people and the state was passed, this gave Nazis the power to search homes and imprison anyone arrested without trial
Enabling act passed
23rd of march 1933
After the 1933 election, the Nazis were the largest party but not the majority so hitler wanted to ban the communist party the nationalist have similar views so supported
hitler promise the centre party to protect the Catholic Churches.
What were the stats of the enabling act
444:94 yes:no
Effects of the enabling act
Marked an end to the democracy and Weimar Republic. Hitler made laws without the Reichstag and they used measures to get rid of other parties
What is the condocart ?
1933 Hitler would support the Catholics and the Catholics wouldn't get involved with politics
Why didn't Hitler stick to the condocart ?
The Catholics didn't see Hitler as their leader so he broke the condocart by taking Christian symbols down, and catholic newspapers were censored and propaganda began to imply they was financial issues within the church and young people had to attend Hitler youth
How did the Pastors respond to Hitlers betrayal about the condocart
A group of pastors led by Niemoller and Bonhoeffer set up a new church called the confessional church, it grew to have 5000 member putting in competition with the reich church
they were sent to concentration camps and Bonhoeffer was hung in 1945
How did the Nazis use propaganda?
They used posters, photographs, radio broadcasts, pamphlets, newspapers, and movies, and made German citizens believe they were traitors if they didn't support it.
How did the Nazis stay in Power
Hitler's rule would be totalitarian
Nazi rule would be indoctrination, censorship + propaganda to win over people's beliefs
Nazis would rule with terror and anyone opposing would get sent to a concentration camp
why did the night of the long knives happen
Leading officers of the army weary of the SA and its leader Ernst Rohm,
SA were badly disciplined and wanted to be a 2nd army,
Hitler also thought Rohm's control over 2 million SA made him a strong rival
What was the Night of the Long Knives?
a lethal purge of Hitler's SA in 1934, Arresting 200 SA leaders including Röhm
killing over a thousand officials he considered too radical
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