Germany

kaiser goes into exile

November 1918 abdicates to holland because after the war everyone dislikes him

when was the armistice signed

**November 1918**

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Who signed the Armistice

Erzberger signed the armistice to officially end ww1.

What was the effect of the Armistice being signed

People didn't like this as they believed Germany still could have won the war making the stab in the back theory.

What was the New Constitution in Germany

Weimar republic was the government that took over Germany after ww1

Who was Ebert

chancellor of the Weimar Republic

What were Ebert's promises

Freedom of speech and religion

20+ could vote,

the chancellor was voted every 7 years,

8 hour working days.

wouldn't take state control over private industry

What is the Weimar Constitution

state governments have their own laws and police but could be overruled.

**proportional representation percentage of each party this leads to an unstable government**

When was ToV signed

28 june 1919

What is Article 48

the president can overrule without the Reichstag's approval (in certain situations)

What did Germany lose to the Treaty of Versailles

13% of Eu territory

50% iron reserves

15% coal reserves

11 of its colonies around the world

which Eu territory did germany loose in tov

Alsace + Lorraine to France

Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium

posen and west prussia to poland

northern Schleswig voted to become part of Poland

how many marks were owed in the tov

136,000 million marks

what is the war guilt in tov

**Article 231** unfair to germans as they believed all that took part were to blame

Military Restrictions in treaty of Versailles

6 battleships 6 cruisers 12 destroyers and 12 torpedos

no tanks submarines or airforce

the army was limited to 100,000 men

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect politicians in Germany?

caused resentment as the people blamed the politicians

What were two effects of the ToV

The ToV caused the Weimar Republic to be hated by the German population

The weakened Military

What was the Spartacist revolution ?

a communist revolution in Berlin on 5 Jan 1919, occupying headquarters and bringing about a general strike.

How was the Spartacist Revolt put down?

The Spartacist revolution was shut down by the freikorp The revolution leaders (Rosa Luxemburg and Karl leibnecht) were shot.

What are two effects of the Spartacist Revolution

the government had to use the Freikorp to shut it down

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Who are the Freikorps?

Ex-army right-wing group (voluntary army)

When was the Kapp Putsch?

March 1920

What was the Kapp Putsch?

In 1920 Ebert tried to disband two Friekorp units. The friekorps revolted marching to Berlin and declaring Dr WolfGang Kapp as Germany’s new leader Kapp was an extreme Nationalist who had the support of army officers. The army would not stop the Freikorp as they felt sympathy for their aims.

how was the Kapp Putsch stopped

Ebert appealed to the people. he encouraged a general strike. Gas water and electricity was disrupted by the strikes and the city was unable to function. Kapp realised he did not have the people's support and fled to Sweden. The freikorp were disbanded

What were the two effects of the Kapp Putsch?

Ebert had to resort to using the people because ebert had little military power

Showed that the people supported Ebert or ebert over kapp

Why did Hitler become in charge of propaganda leader ?

**Numbers increased in feb 1920 to 1100** allowing them to have a newspaper where Hitler became in charge of propaganda called People observer

What was the newspaper that Hitler ran called

people observer

Good leader qualities that Hitler had

Developed friendships with powerful people

**Talented speaker**

**controlled the party like a military**

suggested a name change

introduced the swastika

used the party newspaper

surrounded himself with loyal individuals

When did Hitler join the German worker party

1919

when did Hitler become in charge of propaganda

February 1920

What did Hitler do whilst doing propaganda

Hitler and Drexler r**ewrote the party aims** and published them in the **nazi 25 point programme**, and renamed the party to Nationalist socialist German workers party

How did hitler appeal the party to everyone

kept aims vague so that they would appeal to more people

When did Hitler become party leader

1921

what were people attracted by in the german workers party

* Nationalists keen on the destruction of ToV
* people who wanted to blame for Germany’s problems were attracted by anti semitism
* middle class and big business liked Hitlers Anti-communist ideas

When was the SA set up?

August 1921

Who led the SA

Ernst Röhm

What colour was SA uniform

brown

What were the SA like?

violent and broke up opposition political party meetings

demonstrated Hitlers power

Who are the SS?

Hitler's private bodyguards most trusted members of the SA

Why did the invasion of the Ruhr happen

Germany failed to pay reparations twice in 1922. Which caused the french to retaliate.

When and who attacked the ruhr

Belgian and French attacked the Ruhr in january 1923 to take industrial products rather than cash payments

How did the Weimar deal with the invasion of the ruhr

Because they couldn't use military action they **encouraged workers to go on a campaign of passive resistance and still get payed,** this caused the French to bring their own workers in

How many french civilians were killed in the ruhr

and why were they killed

fighting between the french and german caused over 100 french civilians to be killed by the occupying forces

How long did the invasion of the ruhr take

Jan 1923 - jul 1925 (after the dawes plan was signed they removed their forces)

two effects of the invasion of the ruhr

the **weimar republic grew in popularity** as they resisted the french and gave strike pay

**worsened hyper inflation**

how did the ruhr invasion effect inflation

forced the government to print more money for those on strike pay

What caused hyperinflation?

The Weimar Government **printing off money to pay reparations** by 1923 they had 300 papermills and 200 printer shops printing money

How many marks per dollar in 1914 vs 1922 vs jan 1923 vs nov 1923

1914-4

1922-493

jan 1923-17972

nov1923-4.2 bil

Effects of hyperinflation

* Money lost all value
* Many small businesses collapsed
* Savings and pensions became worthless
* Debts were easily paid off


* people would immediately buy things with their salaries and sell it for stuff they wanted

who benefited with hyperinflation

farmers and loan payers

effect of hyperinflation on the wiemar

people blamed the Weimar

and they became at threat of being overthrown

Who led the Munich Putsch?

Adolf Hitler **and** General Ludendorff

why did Hitler lead the putsch when he did

people were angry at the Weimar for the loss of land and the stab in the back theory so the right-wing government's popularity increased.

**Hyperinflation at its peak**

**The party had 20,000 at the time**

Who were the Nazis inspired by in the Munich putsch

Italian right-wing party Fascists the nazis copied their salute and were inspired by their march to Rome

Munich Putsch 8 Nov 1923

Hitler and SA stormed the beer hall

**Kahr** and **Lossow** swore loyalty to the putsch and left

Munich Putsch 9 Nov 1923

lossow and kahr declared opposition to the putsch

Ludendorff convinced Hitler to not give up

2000 Nazis marched Munich and took over vital buildings

14 nazis killed

Munich Putsch 11 nov 1923

Hitler was arrested and awaiting trial

What was the temporary currency

Streseman created RentenMark in Nov 1923

What was the Rentenmark based on?

Agricultural and industry values rather than gold reserves

effects of the Reichsbank

stronger economy

In February 1924 who was put on trial

Hitler, Ludendorff and Röhm

How did Hitler use his trial as a stage

making speeches attacking the government, calling them traitors.

This increased his popularity seeing him as a **nationalist figure**

Quote from hitlers speech

There is no such thing as treason against the traitors of 1918

Outcome of the trials in 1924

Hitler was found guilty and sentenced to 5 years at Landsberg castle ( a very nice jail) but served 9 months

Ludendorff was let off sympathy considering he is a war hero

**The nazi party was banned**

What is Mien Kampf

a book Hitler wrote whilst in jail

is an autobiography by the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.

ideas that Hitler expressed in Mein Kampf

(9 ideas)

1. German race will rule one day
2. Jews are leading a conspiracy to undermine Aryans
3. Jews want to weaken Aryans with intermarriage
4. Jews are taking over
5. the treaty must be undone
6. living space is needed so that Aryans can expand
7. invade Russia to drive out the communist threat
8. wealth should benefit working not the rich
9. Democracy is weak

how did Hitler reorganise the nazis

HQ in Munich

34 districts a nazi leader in each

1926 Nazi rallies

encouraged young people to join the sa Hitler youth was set up

established the ss

Goebbels in charge of propaganda

winning support from farmers

What is the Daws Plan?

Stresemann believed they could negotiate better reparation payments.America sent over Charles Dawes to help.

Outcome of the Dawes Plan

1924

the USA loaned 800 million gold marks boosting the german economy

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reparations for the first five years would be 1000 million marks after that 2500 million

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the allies would review payments

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french withdraw from ruhr

What's the Locarno Pact?

in October 1925 Germany signed the Locarno pact to agree to avoid military force, Alsace-Lorraine is french.

Germanys borders would be settled in peaceful means.

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1. Mutual agreement of the frontiers of Belgium, France and Germany - agreed by Britain and Italy
2. arbitration between Germany and France
3. arbitration between Germany and Belgium
4. arbitration between Germany and Poland
5. arbitration between Germany and Czechoslovakia
6. mutual assistance between France and Poland in any conflict with Germany
7. mutual assistance between France and Czechoslovakia in any conflict with Germany

which 7 countries were involved in the Locarno pact

Poland

Czechslovakia

Germany

France

Italy

Belgium

Britain

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Inappropriate mneumonic :

big boy carefully fucks girl in pilates

Germany joins League of Nations

September 1926, positive and negative with the people

they could join because of the locarno pact

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The agreement was signed in Aug 1928 in which 62 (inc Germany) nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Effects of the Kellogg-Briand pact

It made a step toward international rehabilitation for Germany. It confirmed that Britain and France were concerned to avoid another war.

It was a big publicity stunt which was Good for the Weimar

Young Plan

Aug 1929

The total reparations bill was reduced to around $8 billion.

The payments were to be made over 59 years, at a rate of $473 million per year.

Germany was only obliged to pay a third of the annual sum each year. It should pay the rest if it could afford to do so.

With additional 59 years to pay it off.

So taxes could be lowered & affordable

Some angered as still had to pay 50 million a year until 1988

When was the wall street crash

October 1929

What was the wall street crash

many American businesses were destroyed by the Wall Street Crash. This, in turn, triggered a downturn in the US economy. The USA recalled the loans it had made to Germany. This led to a financial crisis in Germany, because the government did not have the money to repay the loans.

Effects of the wall street crash

Needed loans back from germanby triggered grt depression

The great depression

1929

unemployment rates increased and production, prices, and wages declined after the crash of the stock market which caused a long business slump

the great depression young people

more than 50% aged 16-30 were unemployed, even with degrees

the great depression, factory workers

4/10 couldn't get jobs

The Great Depression farmers

decrease in crop prices

Effects of the Great Depression

Two party leaders Brüning wanted to cut welfare benefits and Müller said no and resigned. Brüning them became chancellor and asked Hindenburg to use Article 48.Causing Germany to no longer be a full democracy.

Brüning was unpopular and people turned to extremist parties

Nazis gave out scapegoats

1930 Election Result

Nazis 107 seats vs communist 77 seats

Who was the largest party in the Reichstag in 1932

Nazis, focused on

Appeal of hitler \n Activities of SA \n Propaganda

In 1933 who was chancellor

Brüning resigned because he lost support of the reichstag (he tried to ban the sa and ss)

von papen was appointed as chancellor

von papen then resigns after loosing seats in the 1932 election

von papen convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler (so that papen could control from the backround)

hitler was made chancellor in jan 1933

When was the Reichstag building set of fire

27 feb 1933

Who was to blame for the reichstag fire

A Dutch communist boy called marrinus van der lubbe he was found with matches and fire lighters. He confessed and was put on trial with 4 others howver he insisted he worked alone and the others were acquitted.

Was Lubbe really to blame

People wondered if he was set up by the Nazis, considering he was communist they then used this to their advantage

What were the consequences of the Reichstag fire

4000 communist arrested, this was so that the communists couldnt campaign

28th february 1933, the decree for the protection of the people and the state was passed, this gave Nazis the power to search homes and imprison anyone arrested without trial

Enabling act passed

23rd of march 1933

After the 1933 election, the Nazis were the largest party but not the majority so hitler wanted to ban the communist party the nationalist have similar views so supported

hitler promise the centre party to protect the Catholic Churches.

What were the stats of the enabling act

444:94 yes:no

Effects of the enabling act

Marked an end to the democracy and Weimar Republic. Hitler made laws without the Reichstag and they used measures to get rid of other parties

What is the condocart ?

1933 Hitler would support the Catholics and the Catholics wouldn't get involved with politics

Why didn't Hitler stick to the condocart ?

The Catholics didn't see Hitler as their leader so he broke the condocart by taking Christian symbols down, and catholic newspapers were censored and propaganda began to imply they was financial issues within the church and young people had to attend Hitler youth

How did the Pastors respond to Hitlers betrayal about the condocart

A group of pastors led by Niemoller and Bonhoeffer set up a new church called the confessional church, it grew to have 5000 member putting in competition with the reich church

they were sent to concentration camps and Bonhoeffer was hung in 1945

How did the Nazis use propaganda?

They used posters, photographs, radio broadcasts, pamphlets, newspapers, and movies, and made German citizens believe they were traitors if they didn't support it.

How did the Nazis stay in Power

Hitler's rule would be totalitarian

Nazi rule would be indoctrination, censorship + propaganda to win over people's beliefs

Nazis would rule with terror and anyone opposing would get sent to a concentration camp

why did the night of the long knives happen

Leading officers of the army weary of the SA and its leader Ernst Rohm,

SA were badly disciplined and wanted to be a 2nd army,

Hitler also thought Rohm's control over 2 million SA made him a strong rival

What was the Night of the Long Knives?

a lethal purge of Hitler's SA in 1934, Arresting 200 SA leaders including Röhm

killing over a thousand officials he considered too radical