Biology Gr. 10 Ontario Pre-IB

Cell

The smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all life processes

Living organism

Any organism that shows all characteristics of life

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in a cell that maintain life

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Reproduction

Ability to produce offspring

Heredity

Passing traits from parents to offspring

Response to stimuli

Reaction to environmental changes

Growth and development

Increase in size and complexity over time

Waste elimination

Removal of metabolic waste

Cell theory

Scientific theory describing properties of cells

Cell theory (1)

All living organisms are made of one or more cells

Cell theory (2)

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function

Cell theory (3)

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Spontaneous generation

Disproven idea that life comes from non-living matter

Unicellular

Organism made of one cell

Multicellular

Organism made of many cells

Prokaryote

Cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

Cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Organelle

Specialized structure that performs a specific function

Nucleus

Controls cell activities and stores DNA

DNA

Genetic material that carries instructions

Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA in non-dividing cells

Chromosome

Condensed DNA in dividing cells

Chromatid

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere

Holds sister chromatids together

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance where organelles are found

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration and energy production

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Modifies and transports proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Makes lipids and detoxifies

Golgi apparatus

Packages and ships proteins

Lysosome

Breaks down waste and old organelles

Vacuole

Stores water, nutrients, and waste

Cell membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell wall

Rigid support structure in plant cells

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Centriole

Helps organize spindle fibres in animal cells

Plant cell

Cell with cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuole

Animal cell

Cell without cell wall or chloroplasts

Compound light microscope

Uses light and lenses to magnify specimens

Ocular lens

Eyepiece that magnifies 10×

Objective lens

Lens that provides additional magnification

Total magnification

Ocular magnification × objective magnification

Resolution

Ability to see fine detail clearly

Field of view

Diameter of visible area under microscope

Stage

Platform that holds the slide

Stage clips

Hold slide in place

Coarse adjustment knob

Moves stage for general focus

Fine adjustment knob

Sharpens focus at high power

Diaphragm

Controls amount of light

Condenser

Focuses light onto specimen

Base

Supports microscope

Arm

Used to carry microscope

Cell division

Process by which cells reproduce

Asexual reproduction

One parent; identical offspring

Sexual reproduction

Two parents; genetically different offspring

Clone

Genetically identical organism

Cell cycle

Series of stages a cell goes through to divide

Interphase

Growth and DNA replication stage

G1 phase

Cell growth

S phase

DNA replication

G2 phase

Preparation for division

G0 phase

Resting phase where cell does not divide

Mitosis

Division of the nucleus

Prophase

Chromosomes condense; spindle forms

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase

Nuclei reform; chromosomes uncoil

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm

Cleavage furrow

Pinching of animal cell membrane

Cell plate

Structure that divides plant cells

Necrosis

Uncontrolled cell death due to injury or toxins

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Cancer

Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division

Tumour

Mass of abnormal cells

Benign tumour

Non-cancerous tumour

Malignant tumour

Cancerous tumour that spreads

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body

Carcinogen

Substance that causes cancer

Mutagen

Substance that increases mutation rate

Biopsy

Removal of tissue for examination

Chemotherapy

Drugs that kill or slow cancer cells

Radiation treatment

Ionizing radiation used to destroy cancer cells

Checkpoint

Control point that can stop cell division