Bio Exam 4

Microbiology is the study of microbes. These include all but which of the following?

plants

What general feature is necessary to consider an organism a microbe?

small enough that a microscope is required to see them

Miller's laboratory experiments showed that

the primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules.

Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

oxygen (O2)

Considering the various theories, the energy used in forming organic molecules in the primitive atmosphere could have come from all EXCEPT

sound.

What is the evolutionary relationship among archaea, bacteria, and eukarya?

Archaea and eukarya share nucleic acid similarities, so eukarya split off from archaea.

A new classification by domains separates prokaryotes into

Archaea and Bacteria.

One bacterial cell passes DNA to a second cell through a sex pilus in the process of

conjugation.

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA from the medium pieces that were released from dead bacteria in a process called

transformation.

Which of these is a correct description of a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

Conjugation occurs when a cell passes DNA to another cell by means of a sex pilus.

Which type of genetic exchange occurs among bacteria in which DNA is carried into a bacterial cell by means of a virus?

transduction

Which statement is true about bacteria?

They contain a single, circular DNA molecule as the genetic material.

Which statement is NOT true about bacteria?

They reproduce sexually.

The capsid of a virus is composed of

protein.

Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?

They contain nucleic acid, protein, and mitochondria.

The innermost core of a virus's structure is made up of

either DNA or RNA.

A viral envelope describes

the outer layer of some viruses composed of the host's plasma membrane

Which of these is the most accurate description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by protein

Which of the following is considered to be acellular?

viruses

The life cycle stage of an animal virus during which a mature capsid forms around copies of the viral RNA genome is

assembly.

Which stage of viral reproduction takes place when the spikes of the virus bind to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a host cell?

attachment stage

When an enveloped animal virus enters a cell during the entry stage,

the protein capsid is removed through uncoating to expose the viral genome.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or "mad cow disease," is caused by a(n)

prion

Some human diseases appear to be due to protein agents that may convert other normal proteins in the cell to also become these agents. This new disease protein agent is called a(n)

prion.

Who invented the term "virus"?

Louis Pasteur

Cyanobacteria

do photosynthesis similar to green plants.

The process of bacterial reproduction is referred to as

binary fission.

The first membranes that formed before full cells were likely made of

fatty acids.

Which type of archaean is likely to be found in the intestines of animals?

Methanogen

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

improved microscope lenses to allow him to see tiny organisms he called animalcules.

Louis Pasteur

did experiments to refute the concept of spontaneous generation.

Single-celled eukaryotes are

Protists.

Which features set most of the members of protista apart from the rest of the kingdoms?

unicellular and microscopic

The ____ algae are thought to be closely related to the first plants because they share most of the characteristics of plants.

green

Members of which genus of algae are found in ponds and have chloroplasts that are arranged in a spiral?

Spirogyra

Which is an example of an alga?

diatoms

Which protist is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement it shows?

Euglena-pseudopod

Which of the following organisms move about by means of pseudopodia?

Amoeba proteus

The kingdom ____ are characterized by having filaments called hyphae that are used to absorb nutrients.

Fungi

Molds (except slime and water molds) and mushrooms belong to the kingdom

Fungi.

An organism that will feed on dead plants, animals, and microbes are called

saprotrophs.

____ are organisms that break down dead organic matter in order to absorb the nutrient molecules.

Saprotrophs

____ are mostly saprotrophic decomposers that assist in recycling of nutrients in ecosystems.

Fungi

In what way are fungi like heterotrophic bacteria?

They are both heterotrophic and play an important role in ecosystems.

At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy to gain food. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory?

Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose.

Fungi are NOT photosynthetic because they lack

chloroplasts.

A chain of asexual spores produced by a sac fungus is called

a conidia.

The mycelium is a mesh of filaments, each of which is called

a hypha.

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and shaken, a cloud of powdery material is released. The material released are

spores.

Amoebae

all of the above are true.

Diatoms

are unicellular algae with glassy cell walls.

Euglena

Only A and C are true.

Lichens

are a symbiotic relationship between an alga and fungus.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about alternation of generations life cycle?

The sporophyte generation produces gametes by mitosis in structures called sporangia.

Which sequence is correct in the life cycle of alternation of generations?

gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte → spores

A major evolutionary trend among plants is

a reduction in the size of the gametophyte and an increase in the size of the sporophyte.

Which of the following is NOT a significant event in the evolution of plants?

evolution of the blastula

In the moss life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

haploid gametophyte

Which life cycle phase is diploid in moss?

sporophyte generation

Haploid spores are produced in the ___ of a moss.

sporangium

Which of the following is a nonvascular plant that has the longest evolutionary history on land?

moss

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a fern?

Ferns are quite small since they lack vascular tissue

In the life cycle of a fern, the zygote

becomes the sporophyte generation.

In the fern life cycle, the ______ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte

Which statement is NOT true about ferns?

The sporophyte stage lacks vascular tissue.

The reproductive parts of an angiosperm are the

carpel and stamen.

During pollination in angiosperms, pollen grains will stick to the enlarged knob in the center of the flower called the

stigma.

Ovules are contained within the

ovary.

The stigma, style, and ovary are located in a

carpel.

The site of formation of pollen grains is in the

stamen.

Botanically, a seed is a structure developed from a(n)

ovule.

A plant that makes seeds but not flowers would be

a pine tree.

Put these in the order in which they occurred over evolutionary time.

1. Evolution of the Embryo
2. Evolution of Vascular Tissue
3. Evolution of the Seed
4. Evolution of the Flower

Animals that have no particular symmetry exhibit

asymmetry.

Which type of animal symmetry produces mirror images of each other no matter how the animal is sliced longitudinally?

radial symmetry

The term deuterostome refers to

the second embryonic opening becoming the mouth.

Which difference distinguishes protostomes from deuterostomes?

Their embryonic development is different.

Which of the following is NOT true about protostomes?

The first opening during embryonic development becomes the anus.

Which of the following statements about sponges is NOT correct?

Amoeboid cells capture food particles from the water.

Why are real bath sponges so soft?

The harder silica or calcium spicules are absent and the softer spongin remains.

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtle's stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by the sponge's calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in quantity in the turtles' digestive systems. These structures that protect the sponges from most predators, but not turtles, are

spicules.

Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry as adults?

cnidarians

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidaria?

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.

The stinging cells or nematocysts are characteristic of

cnidarians.

The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all

have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of earthworms?

dorsal solid nerve cord

Earthworms are

annelids.

Which type of organism is characterized by having jointed appendages, ability to molt, and three sets of fused segments?

arthropods

The largest animal group, both in number of species and number of individuals, is the

insects.

It is NOT correct to say that arthropods have

a tough exoskeleton that grows by expansion.

A major characteristic of the arthropods is the presence of

jointed appendages.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of echinoderms?

locomotion by muscles

Look at the phylogenetic tree above. Which of the following organisms are in the Bilateria?

- snails
-earthworms
-butterflies

Which of the following apply to the sponge in the image?

- no true tissues
- animal
- skeleton with spicules or protein spongin
- asymmetrical

Which of the following apply to the anemone in the image?

- polyp
- cnidarian
- radial symmetry
-cnidocytes

Which of the following apply to the slug and snail in the image?

- mantle
- gastropod
- bilateral symmetry
- mollusc

Which of the following apply to the squid in the image?

- cephalopod
- bilateral symmetry
- camera-type eye
- mollusc

Which of the following apply to the spider in the image?

- exoskeleton
- arthropod
- book lung
- chelicera

Which of the following apply to the crab in the image?

- exoskeleton
- arthropod
- molts to grow
- crustacean

Which of the following apply to the sea stars in the image?

- deuterostome
- echinoderm
- tube feet
- larva with bilateral symmetry