ansci exam 2

Poultry Terminology

Specific words and phrases related to poultry production, management, and health.

Broiler Production Life Cycle

Stages in growing meat-type chickens from hatchery supply to market size.

Foundation Breeders

Parent flocks responsible for producing fertile eggs.

Incubator

A controlled environment used to hatch poultry eggs by regulating temperature, humidity, and air exchange.

Egg tooth

A small protrusion on a chick's beak used to hatch from the egg.

Coccidiosis

A disease caused by host-specific protozoa affecting chickens, transmitted fecal-orally.

Organic Poultry

Poultry raised according to USDA organic standards, requiring organic feed and humane practices.

Hens: Induced Molting

A management practice where hens are made to molt to extend their productive lifespan.

Marek's disease

A highly contagious viral disease that causes tumors in poultry and can result in significant mortality.

Cage-Free

A labeling term indicating hens are allowed to roam freely with access to food and fresh water during production.

Free Range

A production label indicating poultry have continuous, free access to the outdoors for a majority of their lives.

USDA Organic Regulations

Standards set by the USDA to ensure the integrity of organic production systems.

Poultry Production

The process of breeding and raising domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese for meat, eggs, and other products.

Vertical Integration

Coordination of various levels of production, processing, and distribution of poultry, usually under single ownership or contracts, ensuring complete control over the supply chain.

Clutch

The number of eggs a bird lays in one set or breeding cycle, followed by a rest period before laying additional eggs.

Broilers

Chickens raised specifically for meat production.

Layers

Chickens raised primarily for egg production.

Capon

A neutered male chicken raised for specialty meat markets.

Germinal Disc

The small, white spot on the yolk where fertilization occurs, developing into an embryo.

USDA Standards for Grades of Shell Eggs

Criteria established by the USDA to evaluate the quality of eggs based on factors like shell cleanliness, albumen firmness, and size of the air cell.

Albumen

Commonly known as egg white, it makes up approximately 58% of the total weight of an egg and provides protein and water.

Avian Influenza (AI)

A viral infection affecting birds, characterized by different pathogenicity levels: Low Pathogenicity AI (LPAI) and Highly Pathogenicity AI (HPAI), with the latter being contagious and often deadly.

Egg Breaker

A device used to separate the egg yolk from the albumen during processing.

Crop

The enlargement of the esophagus in birds where food is temporarily stored before digestion.

Oviduct

The tube through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the outside environment, playing a crucial role in egg formation.

Meckel's Diverticulum

A remnant of the yolk sac found in chickens that aids in nutrient absorption before hatching.

Zoonotic

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, exemplified by H5N1 avian influenza.

Euthanasia/Depopulation

The process of humanely killing infected animals to control the spread of diseases such as HPAI.

EIA

Equine Infectious Anemia, a retrovirus transmitted by blood-sucking insects that can cause anemia in horses.

Coggins Test

A test used to identify antibodies in the blood for diagnosing Equine Infectious Anemia.

WNV

West Nile Virus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause severe neurological symptoms in horses.

Rabies

A viral disease that causes fatal encephalitis, often transmitted through bites from infected animals.

Clinical Signs

Observable indications of a disease, such as impaired vision, weakness, and fever.

Mosquito Control

An important preventive measure against Eastern Equine Encephalitis; only 4-5% of infections result in disease.

Estrous Cycle

The recurring period of reproductive fertility in female horses, averaging 21 days.

Parturition

The process of giving birth in horses, consisting of three stages: preparation, foal delivery, and passage of fetal membranes.

Pre-foaling Management

Preparatory measures taken for a mare before foaling, including monitoring health and environmental conditions.

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion

The method commonly known as the Coggins test, used to detect antibodies for EIA.

Pregnancy Length

The typical duration of horse pregnancy, averaging 335-345 days.

Luteal Phase

The phase of the estrous cycle following ovulation, lasting 14-15 days.

Neurologic Symptoms

Symptoms such as impaired vision, aimless wandering, and paralysis that can arise from viral infections like WNV.

Ferguson's Reflex

A physiological response during labor involving the release of oxytocin in reaction to fetal pressure on the cervix.

Retained Placenta

A condition where the placenta is not expelled within the normal time frame after foaling, leading to health risks.

Course Materials

Items such as powerpoint notes, lab handouts, and exam questions that students are prohibited from posting, publishing, or selling.

Equine Rehabilitation Therapist

A trained professional who uses exercise, massage, and techniques to help horses regain strength and mobility after injury or surgery.

Farrier

A professional who evaluates hoof health, trims hooves, and applies shoes based on factors like work and gait issues.

Equine Nutritionist

Professionals with a Master’s or PhD who create feeding plans for horses based on their dietary needs.

Colt

A young male horse that is less than 3-4 years old.

Filly

A young female horse that is less than 3-4 years old.

Stallion

An intact male horse that is older than 4 years.

Gelding

A castrated male horse.

Cryptorchid

A stallion with retained testicles.

Horse Breed

A group of horses with a common ancestry that resemble one another and pass similar traits to their offspring.

Draft Breeds

Heavy, solid, strong horses with calm temperament, used for work and pulling loads.

Light Breeds

Horses purpose-bred for riding, driving, and racing, usually lighter build than draft breeds.

Mule

A hybrid animal resulting from a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare).

Manure Management

The process of handling a horse’s waste, which averages 50 lb of manure and urine per day for a 1000 lb horse.

Body Condition Scoring

A system used to assess the fat deposits on a horse’s body, ranging from emaciated to obese.

Subdivide Pasture

A pasture management technique where sections of pasture are grazed to manage regrowth effectively.

Vaccination Protocol

The practice of regularly vaccinating horses to prevent diseases, typically done annually.

Equine Veterinarian

A veterinarian specialized in the health and medical care of horses.

Gestation

The period of development during which a sow carries piglets, averaging 114 days.

Farrowing

The process of giving birth in pigs, which involves stages like preparation and delivery of piglets.

Weaning Age

The age at which piglets are separated from their mothers, typically around 2 to 5 weeks.

Pre-Weaning Mortality

The rate of piglet deaths before weaning, often occurring within the first three days post-birth.

Colibacillosis

A disease caused by E. coli, leading to diarrhea in pigs.

Leptospirosis

A zoonotic disease caused by a bacterial spirochete, leading to various health issues in pigs.

Vaccination Timing

Vaccination schedules are based on stages in swine production, including pre-breeding and post-weaning.

Farrow-to-Finish Benchmark: Mortality Rate

In breeding herds, the goal is a mortality rate of less than 4% confined and less than 6% outside.

Diet for Growers

Ration consists of corn/soybean meal with 16 to 18% protein, fed at 1.5 to 5 lb per day.

Dressing Percent

The percentage of carcass weight compared to live weight, typically around 70-75%.

African Swine Fever (ASF)

A highly contagious viral disease in pigs with a mortality rate up to 90-100%.

Pre-Farrowing Vaccination

Vaccination of sows and gilts before farrowing to protect against reproductive diseases.

Management of Nursery Facilities

The process of care and management in nursery housing post-weaning to support piglet growth.

Pot-Bellied Pig Characteristics

A breed with a birth weight of 0.5 to 0.75 lb and adult weight ranging from 90 to 220 lb.

Segregated Early Weaning (SEW)

A method where piglets are weaned at 21-22 days and isolated to prevent disease spread.

Average Daily Gain (ADG)

A measure of weight gain per day, targeted at over 1.0 lb per day for nursery pigs.

Creep Area

A warm and safe space provided for piglets to encourage feeding and reduce chilling.

Health Protocols: Vaccination

Protocols that ensure pigs are vaccinated appropriate to their age and exposure risks.

Airborne Transmission in Pigs

Transmission of diseases via respiratory droplets, increasing the need for vaccination and health monitoring.

Environmental Enrichment for Pigs

Provision of stimuli and activities to promote natural behaviors and reduce stress in pigs.

Farrowing

The process of giving birth in swine.

Gilt

A young female pig that has not yet produced offspring.

Boar

An intact (mature) male pig.

Barrow

A castrated male pig.

Feeder Pig

A pig that is weaned and being raised for market.

Market Hog

A pig that is ready for processing.

Swine Management Goals

Optimize productivity and product quality, minimize environmental impact, optimize animal welfare and health, and minimize production costs.

Gestation

The period of pregnancy in swine, lasting about 114 days.

Nursery Phase

The phase where pigs are raised from weaning until they reach 50-60 lb.

Grower Phase

The phase where pigs grow to 125-150 lb by approximately 4 months of age.

Finisher Phase

The final phase where pigs grow to reach market weight of 275-300 lb.

Vertical Integration

A system where one company owns multiple stages of production in swine operations.

Biosecurity

Measures taken to protect against the introduction of disease into a herd.

Noxious Gases

Harmful gases like ammonia and methane that need to be removed from swine housing.

Estrus

The heat cycle in pigs, during which a female is receptive to mating.

Artificial Insemination

A breeding method where sperm is collected and manually introduced to a sow.

Pig Feed Composition

May include cereal grains (like corn and wheat), protein sources, vitamins, and minerals.

Litter Size

The number of piglets born per sow per farrowing.