APHG Midterm Review

Cartography

the study and practice of making maps Ex- In the middle ages the cartographers had studied the map in a flat structure while today the cartographers make maps based on the Earth being round.

Climate

a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Ex- The climate in a country can become a push factor for the people, because it can cause social and economic problems.

Conservation

Preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife. Ex- If something that is wanted more than the amount that are being produced, the quantity start to disappear and can cause damage to the economy pillar. If something in the economy becomes a strong problem then the people will have a push factor.

Culture

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group distinct tradition. Ex- Those music videos that become very popular are considered a culture art that many people like.

Diffusion (types)

the Spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

Hierarchal diffusion

Acceptance of religion by the emperor command

Relocation Diffusion

Migration

Ex. of Diffusion

Gangnam style became a big diffusion in the United States.

Distance Decay

The Diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Ex- The Latin languages becoming their own languages.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth surface. Ex- Merchants that trade their products

Environmental Determinism vs. Possibilism

A nineteenth and early twentieth- century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographer could be found in the physical sciences. Possibilism is the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. Ex- High governed officials would use this.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.

GMT & Time Zones

The time zone in the zone encompassing the prime median (0 degrees longitude)

Time Zones

a region that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Ex- Greenland and Iceland use this time zone

GPS

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

International Date Line & Prime Meridian

An arc for the most part, follows 180 degrees longitude, when you cross the international date line heading east (time goes back 24 hours) or when you go west (calendar moves ahead one day)

Prime Meridian

designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich, England.

Latitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator

Longitude

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian

Prime Meridian(?)

An arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles

Parallel

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

Place

A specific point on earth distinguished.

Site

the physical character of a place

Situation

The location of a place relative to another place

Ex. of Place, Site, and Situation

These three define a certain area and its characteristics.

Projection (types)

A system used to transfer locations from Earth surface to a flat map.

Mercator projection

shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular. Its greatest disadvantage is that relative size is grossly distorted toward the poles, making high- latitude places look much larger than they actually are.

Goode Homolosine Projection

Has correct proportions and locations, direction and distance are not proportionate, bad ocean information so cannot be used to navigate

Robinson Projection

Useful for displaying info across the oceans, its disadvantage is that land areas are much smaller than interrupted maps of the same size.

Ex of Map projections

All the different types of projection maps have their own advantages and disadvantages, just like the globe.

Regions (types)

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. Types are Formal, Functional, and Vernacular

Formal Region

(Uniform region), is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

Functional Region

an area organized around a node or focal point.

Vernacular Region

an area that people believe exists as part of their culture identity.

Scale

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth surface

Population

A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area.

CBR

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

CDR

The total of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

NIR

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Contraceptives

a device or drug serving to prevent pregnancy.

Demographic Transition Model

The process of change in a society population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of neutral increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population.

Density (types)

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Epidemiological Transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices, have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.

John Snow's Cholera Research

He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Population Cartogram

A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map based on the population.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Strategies to Reduce CBR

Policies that restrict a certain amount of children born

Government policies have focused on reducing birth rates by improving women's rights, sexual and reproductive health.

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Thomas Malthus's Theory

The populations of the world would increase in geometric proportions while the food resources available for them would increase only in arithmetic proportions.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Asylum Seekers

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.

Brain Drain

Large- scale emigration by talented people

Circulation vs. Migration

Circulation: Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

Migration

A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.

Urbanization

an increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements.

Suburbanization

is the growth of areas on the fringes of cities.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Demographics of Typical Migrants

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Emigration vs. Immigration

Emigration- Migration from a locationImmigration- Migration to a new location

European Migrants to the US

There was a mass European migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. About 2 million Europeans migrated to the American colonies and the newly independent United states prior to 1820.

Forced Migration

the workers are in permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Guest Worker

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or culture feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Mexican Migrants to the US

There is a lot of legal and illegal Mexican migrants coming in to the U.S. males have been the highest percentage of Mexican migrants.

Migration Transition

A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Net Migration

The difference between level of immigration and the level of emigration

Origin & Destination of Migrants

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Pull vs. Push Factors (types)

Political, Environmental, Economical.

Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

Custom vs. Habit

Custom is the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. Habit is a repetitive act performed by a particular individual. These tie into Folk and Popular culture because a lot of customs form from cultures while habits are specific of the individual.

Diffusion of Folk & Popular Culture

Compared to popular culture, folk is transmitted from one location to another more slowly and on a smaller scale, primarily through relocation diffusion, which is migration. While the spread of popular culture, like popular music, usually follows the process of hierarchical diffusion (diffusing rapidly and extensively from hearths of innovation with the help of modern communications).

Distribution of Popular Culture

Popular culture is distributed widely across many countries, with little regard for physical factors. The main obstacle to access is lack of income to purchase the material.

Electronic Diffusion of Culture

Popular culture diffuses rapidly around the world, primarily to electronic media. The world's most important electronic media format is the TV. Watching TV is the most popular leisure activity in the world.

Folk & Popular Clothing

people that live in folk cultures have traditionally worn clothing in part in response to distinctive agricultural practices and climatic conditions. While in popular culture clothing preferences generally reflect occupations rather than particular environments. For example: the folk custom in the Netherlands wearing wooden shoes is practical when in a wet climate.

Folk & Popular Housing

Folk housing styles respond to environmental and cultural factors. Popular housing in the U.S is produced by construction companies.

Folk & Popular Sports

Some surviving Folk sports are: Cricket, which is primarily played in the U.K and former British colonies, Wushu, which are forms of martial arts popular in china, and Baseball, which is popular in North America and Japan. Organized spectator sports today are part of popular culture like soccer.

Folk & Popular Music

Popular music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold or performed of a large number of people. While Folk music may tell stories about life-cycle events, like birth, death, and marriage, or also environmental features, like agriculture and climate.

Hearth

A hearth is a region from which innovative ideas originate. For example where soccer originated- Britain.

Origin of Folk & Popular Culture

Folk Culture has anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators. Popular culture is usually a product of developed countries especially in North America and Europe. Pop culture is usually traceable to a specific thing while folk culture has typically an unknown point of origin.

Taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs. Like the Hindu taboo on consuming cattle.