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Which of the following best defines a psychological disorder?

A syndrome characterized by significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

What does the term psychopathology refer to?

The study of psychological disorders

What is meant by harmful dysfunction in the context of psychological disorders?

Internal mechanisms that no longer perform their normal functions, leading to negative consequences

The DSM-5 is primarily used for what purpose in the United States?

Clinical diagnosis and research

The term comorbidity refers to:

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders

Which of the following perspectives attributes psychological disorders to spiritual possession?

Supernatural

A child develops a fear of dogs after being bitten. What form of learning best explains this phobia?

Classical conditioning

A woman avoids shopping malls due to fear of having a panic attack and not being able to escape.

Agoraphobia

A person worries excessively about their physical appearance despite no flaws.

Body dysmorphic disorder

A person washes hands repeatedly to reduce fear of contamination.

Compulsion

A genetically predisposed individual develops depression after losing their job.

Diathesis-stress model

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of panic disorder?

Delusions

What is social anxiety disorder characterized by?

Fear of social situations where the individual may be judged

What differentiates persistent depressive disorder from major depressive disorder?

It lasts longer but is less severe

Which disorder involves alternating episodes of depression and mania?

Bipolar disorder

Which neurotransmitter is closely associated with depression and targeted by antidepressants?

Serotonin

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Avolition

Dissociative identity disorder is most often associated with:

Childhood trauma

According to the dopamine hypothesis, schizophrenia is caused by:

Too much dopamine activity in certain brain regions

Which cognitive pattern is central to Beck’s theory of depression?

Depressive schemas with negative views of the self, world, and future

Hopelessness theory emphasizes:

Negative life events seen as permanent and global

Women have higher rates of depression likely due to:

Higher likelihood of ruminating

Which is a common characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Deficits in social interaction and communication

ADHD is primarily characterized by:

Inattention and hyperactivity

Which best defines antisocial personality disorder?

A persistent disregard for the rights of others

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by:

Emotional instability and impulsivity

Jenna avoids elevators due to fear of being trapped.

Agoraphobia

David avoids speaking in class, rehearses, avoids eye contact.

Social anxiety disorder

Emily worries about more panic attacks after sudden intense fear episodes.

Panic disorder

Luis worries excessively about daily life with no clear reason.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Megan checks locks and stove repeatedly to reduce distress.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Noah fixates on a perceived flaw in his appearance.

Body dysmorphic disorder

Clara refuses to discard old newspapers and broken items.

Hoarding disorder

Jamal, a veteran, has flashbacks and avoids loud sounds.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Bella develops trauma symptoms after a car crash.

Diathesis-stress model

Alex has lost interest, feels worthless, and thinks of death.

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Denise becomes sad and sluggish only in the winter.

Seasonal affective disorder (seasonal pattern)

Jake has periods of impulsivity and sadness.

Bipolar disorder

Maria’s depression stems from childhood rejection and negative thoughts.

Cognitive theory (Beck's theory of depression)

Eric believes the government is implanting thoughts in his mind.

Schizophrenia

What is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Lack of motivation (avolition)

Tony forgets who he is and takes on a new identity after trauma.

Dissociative fugue

Sarah feels as if she is observing herself from outside.

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A boy can’t sit still, interrupts, and is easily distracted.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A child avoids eye contact, prefers solitude, and has repetitive behaviors.

Autism spectrum disorder

Mark has unstable relationships and is highly impulsive.

Borderline personality disorder

Lila lies, lacks remorse, and is manipulative.

Antisocial personality disorder

Which of the following best distinguishes GAD from MDD?

GAD is characterized by excessive worry; MDD by lack of pleasure

A patient presents with constant worry, muscle tension, and sleep issues.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Which symptom is unique to MDD compared to anxiety disorders?

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

What best differentiates panic disorder from GAD?

Panic disorder includes sudden fear episodes; GAD involves chronic worry

A person experiences rapid heart rate and fear of dying that peaks in 10 mins.

Panic Disorder

Which feature distinguishes OCD from GAD?

Presence of compulsions to reduce anxiety

A person washes hands repeatedly due to fear of contamination.

OCD

Which symptom is most distinctive of PTSD?

Flashbacks and re-experiencing trauma

A patient avoids speaking in public due to fear of judgment.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Which indicates agoraphobia and not a specific phobia?

Fear of being unable to escape a crowded area

What symptom helps differentiate bipolar disorder from MDD?

Manic episodes with elevated mood and energy

During mania, which of the following is expected?

Inflated self-esteem and reckless behavior

Which symptom is unique to schizophrenia?

Disorganized speech and negative symptoms like avolition

A patient hears voices and withdraws socially.

Schizophrenia

Mood swings with hallucinations during highs point to:

Bipolar disorder with psychotic features

What differentiates DID from PTSD?

DID involves identity fragmentation and memory gaps; PTSD involves re-experiencing trauma

A person has unstable relationships and frequent emotional outbursts.

Borderline personality disorder

A person lies, cheats, lacks remorse, and manipulates others.

Antisocial personality disorder

What distinguishes narcissistic personality disorder from antisocial?

Grandiosity and need for admiration