Exam 1: Ch. 1, 2, 3

How are the names of microorganisms written?

Genus is capitalized and species is lowercase

What do variety stains have?

A third name

What are the O and H antigens used in names?

O is the antigen on the cell wall and H is the antigen on the flagellum

Methanogens

Archaea that live in high methane concentrations

Halophiles

Bacteria that survive very high salt concentrations

Thermophiles

Mainly bacteria that like high heat environments

Unicellular / Multicellular / Both (Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Unicellular
Archaea: Unicellular
Fungi: Both
Algae: Both
Protozoans: Unicellular
Helminths: Multicellular

Prokaryote or Eukaryote (Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Prokaryote
Archaea: Prokaryote
Fungi: Eukaryote
Algae: Eukaryote
Protozoans: Eukaryote
Helminths: Eukaryote

Photosynthesize (Yes or No) (Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Yes (some)
Fungi: No
Algae: Yes
Protozoans: Yes (some)
Helminths: No

Cell Wall Made Of (Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
Archaea: Pseudopeptidoglycan
Fungi: Chitin
Algae: Cellulose
Protozoans: No cell wall (cell membrane only)
Helminths: No cell wall

Reproduction (Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Binary fission (or budding)
Fungi: Sexual or asexual
Algae: Sexual and asexual
Protozoans: Sexual and asexual
Helminths: Sexual or asexual

Nutrition (Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: All nutrients (enzymes break down food)
Fungi: Absorb nutrients using enzymes (decomposers)
Algae: Photosynthesis
Protozoans: Other protozoa; organic or inorganic materials
Helminths: Nutrients from host

Movement (Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Flagella
Fungi: No movement
Algae: No movement
Protozoans: Flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
Helminths: Muscles

DNA (Yes or No) (Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Yes
Archaea: Yes
Fungi: Yes
Algae: Yes
Protozoans: Yes
Helminths: Yes

Habitat (Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, Helminths)

Bacteria: Anywhere
Archaea: Extreme environments
Fungi: Everywhere
Algae: Water and moist soil
Protozoans: Water and soil
Helminths: Inside an organism

Uses UV light to Florence antibodies

Fluorescence

Perfect to use for viewing viruses and their internal structure in thin slices

Transmission Electron

Define a Simple stain and give an example of a stain

Simple stains are one color like methylene blue or crystal violet.

Define Differential stain and give an example.

Differential stains are two colors like the gram stain or acid-fast stain.

Explain why differential stains are preferred over simple stains

Differential stains are preferred because they can show gram-negative bacteria (pink) and gram-positive bacteria (purple). Simple stains only show the shape of the bacteria.

What are special stains used for, to stain what parts of a microorganism?

Special stains are used to stain capsules, endospores, and flagellum.

Define negative staining and give an example of a stain

Negative staining stains the background and creates a halo around the specimen like india ink.

Identify the color of a gram-positive bacterium and a gram-negative bacterium

Gram-positive bacterium appear purple and Gram-negative bacterium appear pink.

Define Acid Fast staining and give two bacteria that stain with this stain

Acid fast staining is a differential stain that binds to bacteria with a waxy material in their cell walls that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol. Mycobacterium and Nocardia stain with this.

Indicate the parts of the microscope below.

Arrow A Ocular Lens

Arrow B Objective Lenses

Arrow C Stage

Arrow D Diaphragm

Arrow E Condenser

Arrow F Coarse Knob

Arrow G Fine Knob

Arrow H Stage Controls

List the function of all microscope parts

Ocular lens is the eyepiece to view specimen. Objective lenses magnify the specimen. Stage holds up the specimen. Diaphragm adjusts light coming through. Condenser captures and focuses light. Coarse knob moves the stage up and focuses. Fine knob refines details and focuses things. Stage controls move the slide.

Label the structure of a bacterium

A. Fimbriae

B. Ribosome

C. Nucleoid

D. Flagellum

E. Cell Wall

F. Plasma Membrane

List the functions of Capsule, cell wall and cell membrane

Protects the bacterium

List the functions of DNA chromosome, DNA plasmid

Contains genetic information, Gives bacteria antibiotic resistance

List the functions of Nucleoid

Space that contains the DNA

List the functions of Fimbriae

Helps with attachment to tissues and cells

List the functions of Ribosomes

Makes proteins

List the functions of Flagellum

Helps move bacterium

Bacterial cell membrane consists of phospholipids and proteins. T or F

True

What happens to a bacterial cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?

It shrinks

What happens when the bacterial cell is placed in hypotonic solution?

It expands

How large are the bacterial ribosomes? How many units are they made of?

Bacterial ribosomes are 70S. They are made of two units, as small subunit that is 30S and a large subunit that is 50S.

Define a vegetative bacterial cell.

A vegetative bacterial cell is a normal cell without an endospore

Define an endospore

An endospore is a dormant spore that is formed by bacteria to survive harsh conditions (survival spores, not reproductive).

metachromatic

phosphate

volutin

phosphate.

lipid

lipid

sulfur

sulfur

carboxysomes

enzymes that fix CO2

magnetosommes

magnetic iron oxide

PHB

involved in bioplastics

the structure of gram-negative, gram-positive cell walls

G+ cell wall is ticker; G- cell wall is thinner.

Peptidoglycan wall is found in which microorganisms

bacteria

Identify if both G+ and G- can produce toxins

G+ and G- can produce toxins, but only G- has a toxin built into their cell wall.

List the bacterial group that carries endotoxin LIPID A

G-

Define acid fast cell walls

Acid fast cell walls have peptidoglycan, mycolic acids, and sugars, which make the cell wall waxy and repel stains.

Name a bacterium that is acid-fast.

Mycobacterium

Define Glycocalyx

The cover outside of the cell wall

Glycocalyx attached to cell wall is called

Capsule

Glycocalyx loosely associated with cell wall is called

Slime Layer

Are capsules are linked to pathogenicity. Do all bacteria have capsules?

Yes, capsules cause pathogenicity. No, not all bacteria have capsules.

Identify the importance of capsules during extreme drought and nutrient deficiencies, in water conservation and ability to avoid the immune system

Capsules help bacteria survive extreme drought and lack of nutrients by conserving water. They also protect bacteria by helping them avoid the immune system by preventing phagocytosis.

Define biofilm

Communities of bacteria that are very hard to kill.

List the function of flagella -Identify types of flagella

Flagella helps with movement of bacteria. Types of flagella include monotrichous (one), amphitrichous (both sides), lophotrichous (many on both sides), and peritrichous (all around).

List the function for axial filaments

Axial filaments are used for movement.

Which bacteria have axial filaments?

spirochetes

Identify the function of pili

Pili are used for communication and transfer of DNA.

List the function of Fimbriae

Fimbriae are used for attachment

Name a bacterium that has fimbriae.

Neisseria

Identify the cell wall type of Mycoplasmas

Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wall

Identify the cell wall type of Archaea

Archaea are wall-less, or if they do have cell walls they are made of pseudopeptidoglycan.

Define protoplast

a gram positive bacterium that has lost the cell wall

Define spheroplast

a gram negative bacterium that has lost the cells wall

Define L form

a bacterium that has lost the cells wall and can return to the walled state

Eukaryotic cell membrane consists of phospholipids and proteins, T or F?

True

What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?

It shrinks

What happens when the animal cell is placed in hypotonic solution?

It swells

What are pseudopods

Pseudopods are extensions of the cytoplasm that can extend and feed on organisms.

What is binary fission

Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction where cells are divided into two identical cells and is how bacteria reproduce.

Color of Gram stain (G+ & G-)

G+: purple

G-: pink or red

Thickness of cell wall (G+ & G-)

G+: Thick

G-: Thin

Types of toxins (G+ & G-)

G+: Exotoxins

G-: Exotoxins and LIPID A Endotoxin

Flagella of the type seen above are called?

peritrichous

In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall is a gram-negative cell wall?

b

In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall possesses molecules responsible for symptoms associated with Lipid A intoxication?

b