AP Psych review (pt.2): Research, Development, Stress, and Personality

studied byStudied by 10 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Hindsight Bias

1 / 109

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Contains chapters: 1, 5, 12 (stress section only), and 14

Psychology

110 Terms

1

Hindsight Bias

the tendency to believe that you saw it coming after learning the outcome

New cards
2

Theory

explanation using and integrated set of principles

New cards
3

Hypothesis

a testable prediction

New cards
4

Operational definition

a statement of the exact procedures used in a study

New cards
5

Replication

Repeating the essence of a research study

New cards
6

Case study

a descriptive technique where one individual or group is studied

New cards
7

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in a natural situation

New cards
8

survey

a descriptive way of obtaining self-reported behavior

New cards
9

Random sample

a sample that represents the population fairly

New cards
10

correlation coefficient

the number showing how strong or weak a relationship is

New cards
11

illusory correlation

seeing a relationship where there is none

New cards
12

regression towards the mean

the tendency for scores to fall toward the average

New cards
13

experiment

research method where an investigator manipulates one or more factors

New cards
14

experimental group

the group exposed to the treatment or one version the the independent variable

New cards
15

control group

the group which is used to compare and evaluate; they aren’t given the treatment

New cards
16

range

difference between the highest and lowest numbers

New cards
17

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

New cards
18

dependent variable

the outcome that is measured; may change when the ind. variable is manipulated

New cards
19

confounding variable

a factor that may influence or sway the study’s outcome

New cards
20

independent variable

within an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied

New cards
21

statistical significance

New cards
22

Developmental psychology

Focuses on the physical, cognitive, and social change throughout one’s life

New cards
23

Cognition

all mental activities

New cards
24

maturation

biological growth process that enable changes in behavior

New cards
25

schema

a concept of framework which organizes information

New cards
26

habituation

decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation

New cards
27

teratogens

harmful substances like chemicals

New cards
28

Fetus

developing human from 9 weeks to birth

New cards
29

Embryo

developing human from two weeks after fertilization

New cards
30

Zygote

the fertilized egg; inters rapid two week cell division

New cards
31

Sensorimotor stage

first stage in Piaget’s theory from birth to two years of age; key milestones include stranger anxiety and object permanence

New cards
32

Object permanence

being are that things continue to exist when not perceived

New cards
33

Preoperational stage

Piaget’s second stage from two to six; key milestones include pretend play and egocentrism

New cards
34

Theory of mind

when one can now predict the feelings of others

New cards
35

Concrete operational

Piaget’s third stage from seven to eleven; key milestones include conservation and mathematical transformations

New cards
36

Formal operational

Piaget’s final stage from twelve years and on; key milestones include abstract thinking and

New cards
37

Scaffold

Within Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children support as the rise to higher levels of thinking

New cards
38

attachment

an emotional tie with another person

New cards
39

accommodation

adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

New cards
40

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of existing schemas

New cards
41

basic trust

according to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

New cards
42

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feeling about ourselves

New cards
43

adolescence

the transition from childhood to adulthood from puberty to independence

New cards
44

identity

our sense of self

New cards
45

social identity

the “we” aspect of our self concept

New cards
46

emerging adulthood

a period from around eighteen to mid-twenties where one is no longer an adolescent but has not fully reached independence

New cards
47

Cross-sectional study

research that compares different ages at the same period of time

New cards
48

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time

New cards
49

neurocognitive disorder

acquired disorders marked by cognitive defects

New cards
50

Social clock

culturally preferred timing of social events

New cards
51

Eustress

good stress; inludes leaving for collage, marriage, etc…

New cards
52

Distress

bad stress; includes illness, financial problems, etc…

New cards
53

Two types of stress

Eustress and distress

New cards
54

sources of stress

major life changes, daily hassles, social or cultural, and conflict

New cards
55

General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress both positive and negative

New cards
56

The cycle of GAS

Alarm > Resistance > exhaustion

New cards
57

Tend and befriend

in times of stress women give support and bond

New cards
58

B-lymphocites

releases antibodies that fight bacterial infections

New cards
59

T-lymphocytes

attack cancerous cells and other foreigners

New cards
60

Type A:

Hard-driving, competitive, impatient, super motivated, and verbally aggressive

New cards
61

Type B:

easy going, not as time conscious, easy temper, not excessively competitive, and can calmly wait

New cards
62

problem-focused coping

managing or changing a threat by directly dealing with the problem

New cards
63

Emotion-focused coping

relieving or regulating the emotional impact of the problem by crying, going to therapy, etc…

New cards
64

internal locus of control

we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances

New cards
65

external locus of control

we picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate

New cards
66

Explanatory style

The way that you routinely explain your life circumstances to yourself whether its optimistic and pessimistic

New cards
67

Activities that reduce stress

Aerobic exercise, relaxation, meditation, and religion/faith factor

New cards
68

Psychodynamic

explores the unconscious

New cards
69

humanistic

making humans better

New cards
70

Psychoanalytic perspective

Sigmund Freud’s theory that proposes childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

New cards
71

Psychoanalysis

Techniques used to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

New cards
72

Free association

a method of exploring the unconscious within psychoanalysis

New cards
73

contemporary viewpoint

information processing of which we are unaware

New cards
74

Id

strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; “I want IT now”

New cards
75

Ego

mediates among the demands of the demands of the id, ego, and reality

New cards
76

Superego

provides standards for judgment aka the conscience

New cards
77

Defense mechanisms

the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

New cards
78

Repression

mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

New cards
79

Regression

when one faces with anxiety tends to retreat to a more infantile stage

New cards
80

Reaction Formation

mechanism where ego switches unacceptable impulses into their opposite or expressing feelings opposite of how you are feeling

New cards
81

Projection

mechanism where people disguise their own impulses by attributing them to others; justifying ones own behavior

New cards
82

Rationalization

mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real reasons (cognitive dissonance)

New cards
83

Displacement

mechanism that shifts impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

New cards
84

Denial

when one is unable to face reality or admit the truth

New cards
85

sublimation

taking unacceptable impulses and turning them into behavior that is more acceptable

New cards
86

Projective tests

a personality test like the Rorschach or TAT that provides unclear stimuli to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

New cards
87

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective tests where people express their inner feeling through the stories they create about unclear photos or scenes

New cards
88

Rorchach Inkblot test

projective test that seeks to identify peoples inner feelings base on their interpretation of ink blots

New cards
89

Alfred Adler

studied the importance of childhood social tensions and talked about the inferiority complex

New cards
90

Karen Horney

sought to balance Freud’s masculine bias

New cards
91

Carl Jung

emphasized the collective unconscious

New cards
92

Humanistic perspective

focuses on the potential for healthy growth

New cards
93

Abraham Maslow

created the hierarchy of needs and studied those who he believed were self-actualized

New cards
94

Carl Rogers

person-centered perspective; focused on growth and self fulfillment

New cards
95

Gordon Allport

first to express his believe on fundamental traits or peoples characteristics

New cards
96

personality inventory

a survey to asses feelings and behaviors

New cards
97

MMPI

used to be set up in order to identify emotional disorders

New cards
98

OCEAN

Acronym for the big five

New cards
99

Ocean

Openness: imaginative, likes to explore, and independent minded

New cards
100

oCean

Conscientiousness: being responsible, dependable, careful, hardworking, and organized

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 74 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
4.5(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 75 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 54 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 132 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (65)
studied byStudied by 16 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (90)
studied byStudied by 46 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (106)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (31)
studied byStudied by 56 people
... ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (44)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (54)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (52)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (35)
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot