Genetics Test 3

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121 Terms

1

Gamete formation

Meiosis

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2

What are the two parts of sexual reproduction?

  • Meiosis

  • Fertilization

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3

Small gametes

Male

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4

Large gametes

Female

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5

What process causes the genetic variation seen in offspring produced by sexual reproduction?

Meiosis

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6

both sexes in the same organism

Hermaphroditism

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7

both male and female reproductive structures in the same organism

Monoecious

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8

either male or female reproductive structures in one organism

Dioecious

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9

What are the sex determining systems?

  • Chromosomal

  • Genetic

  • Environmental

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10

determine the sex of an organism; differ in males and females; X and Y in humans

Sex chromosomes

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11

Chromosomes that are the same in males and females

Autosomes

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12

What are the Chromosomal Sex Determining Systems?

  • XX-XO

  • XX-XY

  • ZW-ZZ

  • Haplodiploidy

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13

First studied in grasshoppers

XX-XO Sex-Determination

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14

Explain meiosis in XX-XO sex determination

  • Female: all eggs get one X chromosome

  • Males: half the sperm get an X chromosome, the other half gets no sex chromosome

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15

sex that produces one type of gametes

Homogametic

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16

sex that produces two types of gametes

Heterogametic

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17

Males and females have the same number of chromosomes

XX-XY Sex-Determination

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18

regions on the X and Y chromosomes allow for pairing during meiosis

Pseudoautosomal

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19

Birds, snakes, butterflies, some amphibians, and fishes

ZZ-ZW Sex-Determination

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20

ZZ

Male

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21

ZW

Female

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22

Bees, wasps, and ants

Haplodiploidy

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23

Haplodiploidy Haploid set

Male

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24

Haplodiploidy Diploid set

Female

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25

No sex chromosomes, only the sex-determining genes; Found in some plants, fungi, protozoans, and fish

Genic Sex-Determining System

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26

Environmental factors like limpet’s position in the stack and temperature in turtles and alligators

Environmental Sex Determination

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27

Turtles: warm temps (>300C)->

Females

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28

Alligators: warm temps ->

Males

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29

The balance (or ratio) of X:A determines

Sex

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30

The X:A stands for

The number of X-chromosomes/the number of haploid sets of autosomal chromosomes

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31

= 1

Female

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32

= 0.5

Male

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33

>1

Metafemale

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34

0.5-1

Intersex

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35

<0.5

Metamale

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36

The importance of the X and Y-chromosomes is demonstrated by the phenotypes that result from abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes:

  • Turner Syndrome

  • Klinefelter Syndrome

  • Jacob’s Syndrome

  • Poly-X females

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37

Females with a single X chromosome; 1 in 3000 births

Turner Syndrome

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38

One Y-chromosome and multiple X-chromosomes (XXY is most common)

Klinefelter Syndrome

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39

Two Y-chromosomes and an X-chromosome

Jacob’s Syndrome

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40

Triplo-X syndrome (XXX) most common

Poly-X Females

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41

At least one __ chromosome is needed for human development.

X

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42

The presence of a __ chromosome results in development of the male phenotype.

Y

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43

The absence of a __ chromosome leads to female development

Y

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44

The male determining gene(s) must be located on the __ chromosome.

Y

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45

Extra copies of the __ chromosome often leads to developmental problems in both males and females resulting in physical and mental health problems that increase as the number of __ chromosomes increases.

X

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46

sex determining region on Y

SRY-gene

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47

production > male development

Testosterone

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48

substance > degeneration of female reproductive ducts

Mullerian-inhibiting

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49

An XY individual who appears female, but has an intact SRY gene, may have

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

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50

Possessing a single allele at a locus

Hemizygous

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51

Phenotypes determined by genes found on the sex chromosomes

Sex-Linked Characteristics

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52

Hemophilia (reduced blood clotting) is an X-linked recessive disease in humans. A woman with hemophilia mates with a man who exhibits normal blood clotting.

What is the probability that their child will have hemophilia?

1/2

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53

equalizes the amount of expression from X-chromosomes in males and females

Dosage Compensation

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54

The inactive X-chromosome

Barr-body

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55

states that the Barr body is the inactive X-chromosome and that X-inactivation is random so that either X chromosome in any given cell can become the Barr body

Lyon Hypothesis

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56

How is the X-chromosome inactivated?

Xist gene

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57

2/3 of the Y chromosome is

Heterochromatin

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58

How many genes does the Y chromosome encode?

50-60

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59

What is a palindrome?

Sequence that reads the same backwards as forward

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60

one allele completely dominant over another allele

Complete dominance

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a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous

Incomplete Dominance

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both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual

Codominance

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63

I^A and I^B are

Codominant

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64

the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype

Penetrance

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when a gene is not always expresses so that the phenotype does not match the genotype in every individual

Incomplete penetrance

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66

the degree to which a trait is expressed

Expressivity

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67

(extra digits) can be inherited as a dominant trait, but it is not always expressed

Polydactyly

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causes death at an early stage of development, so some genotypes may not appear among the progeny; Affects the Mendelian genotypic and phenotypic ratios in progeny.

Lethal Alleles

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69

ABO blood types in humans are ____, but they also have ____

codominant; complete dominance

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70

Effects of genes at one locus depend on the presence of genes at other loci.

Gene interaction

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71

How does gene interaction differ from dominance?

  • Gene interaction is interaction between genes at different loci.

  • Dominance is interaction between alleles at a single locus.

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72

one gene hides (masks) the expression of another gene located at a different locus

Epistasis

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73

the gene that masks

Epistatic gene

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the gene that is being masked

Hypostatic gene

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Types of Epistasis:

  • Recessive

  • Dominant

  • Duplicate recessive

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Recessive Epistasis Ratio

9:3:4

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Dominant Epistasis Ratio

12:3:1

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Duplicate Recessive Epistasis Ratio

9:7

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79

Turtles and alligators rely on this sex determining system

Environmental Sex Determination

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80

In this sex determining system one or multiple genes dictates the sex of the organism. Common in plants.

Genie Sex Determination

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81

Humans, bees and grasshoppers have this type of sex determination.

Chromosomal Sex Determination

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82

A female grasshopper has the same number of chromosomes as a male grasshopper. True or False

False

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83

In birds, females are the heterogametic sex. True or False

True

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84

Male bees produce gametes by meiotic cell division. True or False

False

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85

In cold temperatures alligator embryos develop as males. True or False

False

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86

A fruitfly with one X chromosome, no Y chromosome and the normal sets of autosomes (2n) will develop as a:

Male

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87

What is the result if the SRY gene on the Y chromosome fails to activate at 6 weeks of development?

The fetus will develop as a female

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88

Bob, who is colorblind, has a child with Sarah, who's father was colorblind. What is the probability that their child with be a boy with colorblindness?

1/4

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89

Sex linked characteristics are

Encoded on a sex chromosome

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90

X-linked alleles are passed from the father to

all his daughters

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91

Who was the fist person to study sex-linked genes in Drosophila?

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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92

A women, who has red-green colorblindness has four sons. What is the probability that all the sons also have red-green colorblindness? Assume normal gamete formation in both the mother and the father.

1

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93

The Xist gene is actively transcribed on the

inactive X-chromosome

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94

What sex-determination system do fruit flies (Drosophila) have?

Genic balance system

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95

The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes

Incomplete Dominance

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96

The phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes

Codominance

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97

The phenotype of the heterozygotes is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes

Complete Dominance

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98

In epistasis, the _____________gene masks the expression of the ___________________ gene.

Epistatic;hypostatic

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99

Coat color in Labrador Retrievers is determined by two genes exhibiting

Recessive epistasis

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100

Polydactyly is the condition of having extra fingers or toes. Some polydactylous persons possess extra fingers or toes that are fully functional, whereas others possess only a small tag of extra skin. This is an example of

Variable expressivity

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