APUSH Unit 4 Test

John Quincy Adams

1824-1828

* Great Sec. of State
* Hard worker, not much of a personality
* __1st “minority” president__
* __No national support__
* Too nationalistic/FFII
* Adams wants a __fair policy for the Native Americans__
* __Cumberland Road__
* __Tariff of 1828__

__**After his presidency, he got bored and ran and got elected for House of Rep.**__

Corrupt Bargain (Elec. of 1824)

Clay and Adams not BFFs but agree politically

* __Both nationalists__ and __CAS supporters__
* __Clay throws support to Adams, Adams wins the election__
* Adam appoints __Clay as Sec. of State__

Election of 1828

__Adams vs. Jackson the Sequel__

* Much hyperbole on both sides
* Very personal
* __Political center was moving west__
* (__Jackson__ was more in favor of __States’ rights__; __Adams__ favored a stronger __federal gov.__)

Jackson wins easily

* A __new era of American politics begins__
* __Sectionalism dominates__

Marked a change in national politics

* __End of party caucuses__
* National __conventions__
* __Greater voter participation__ (no more property requirement)

Andrew Jackson

Social

* “average man” more __involved in the political process__ (less voting requirements, national conventions)
* __Removal of Native Americans__ from east of the Mississippi Riv.
* __Slavery continues__ to be accepted in the South

Political

* Very __strong executive__
* (president) (__use of veto power, dominating Congress and his cabinet__)
* __Against nullification__ (South Carolina)

Economic

* Jackson __supports “laissez-faire”__ (the gov. will allow business to run itself)
* No Federally Funded Internal Improvement (__**Maysville**__ __**Rd**____.__)
* Jackson __kills the Bank of the US__ (challenge the constitutionality of the Bank)

Spoils System

__“To the victor goes the spoils”__

* __Rewarding those who helped__ you (election) with __jobs or key positions__

John C. Calhoun

__Former VP__

* __Leads South Carolina opposition__

Tariff of 1828

__“Tariff of Abominations”__

* High tariff

__South felt the tariff was unfair and part of a plot to end slavery__ (hurt cotton sales/profits)

Jackson was caught in the middle of the issue

* From the South
* But politically needed the north

Nullification

“South Carolina exposition”

* __SC will “nullify” the tariff__ and talks of succession
* Plot against the south

Congress passes the __Force Bill__

* Gives the __president the power to send in troops to enforce the tariff__

__Clay proposes a compromise tariff__

* Gradual reduction (1833)

Worcester v. Georgia

* __Cherokee__ have prime land in Georgia
* __Georgia wants to take the land__
* Supreme Court (under Marshall) rules the __SC has no real legal jurisdiction__ but the __Cherokee may stay in Georgia__

**“Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”** -Jackson

Meaning __“let’s see if you can try to beat me”__

* “fight me, bitch”

Trail of Tears

(Indian Removal Act of 1830)

* __100,000 Native Americans forced to go west of the Mississippi Riv.__

Election of 1832

Jackson defeats Clay

* __1st 3rd Party ever:__ __**Anti-Masons**__

Jackson and the Bank

Jackson __kills the national bank__

* Feels it is a __**tool of the rich**__ and only helps the north/east and wealthy
* This will indirectly __lead to the panic of 1837__
* Nicholas Biddle (pres. of the bank)

Jackson and Presidential Power

* Trail of Tears
* Vetoes (__**Maysville Rd.)**__
* The Bank
* Force Bill

Picture of Andrew Jackson dressed as king

* __View Point of the Whigs__
* Jackson holding __scepter__ and __veto__, standing on Constitution (__Bank Issue)__

Jackson’s personal enemies

* __Clay__
* __Calhoun__ (VP)
* __Biddle__ (pres. of the bank)

Election 1836

* Whigs- Wm H. Harrison
* Dems- Van Buren (hand-picked by Jackson)
* __VB wins__
* __1st pres. born under the US flag__
* __Panic of 1837__

Santa Ana

1835 new gov.

* __Less power to the people__
* __Dissolved state gov.__
* __Slavery__ issue
* Mexican __taxes__ on American goods
* Mexico __stops migration__ from the US

Texas Independence

__1836 Texas declares independence__

* 1837 Texas __petitions for annexation__, US says __no__

Austins: many are __**“free spirits”**__

* Friction develops

Election of 1840

Whigs- __Harrison__

* (Old Tippecanoe)
* VP- __John Tyler from VA__ (Democrat)
* Harrison has __no issues or enemies__; Log Cabin

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Dems- __Van Buren__

* The __Panic hurts VB__


1. __Populist__-style rules, appeal to the people
2. __Two party system entrenched__

* __Harrison wins__

Immigration (Mid-1800s)

__Irish__ 1840s

* __Potato famine__
* __Single men__
* __No real skills__
* __Eastern cities__

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__Germans__ 1840-1860

* Came as __families__, communities
* __Education important__
* Settled in the __Midwest__
* Brought __skills__ with them
* __Anti-slavery__

Some Americans do not like the foreign influx

* __Steal jobs__
* Corrupt society (__**Know Nothings**__)
* __Anti-immigrant party__
* Nativists Catholic

Industrialism in the south

__**Economic in South is not strong**__

* The south becomes __too dependent on its agrarian economy__

Cult of Domesticity

__Women’s job is to nurture the family__ and do __domestic jobs__

__“exemplify the nations of virtue”__

Transportation

* __Turnpike__ (1st toll roads)
* __Cumberland Rd.__ (VA-IL) (connected east to Ohio)
* __Steamboats__
* __Canal__ System
* __Railroads__
* __Pony Express__

Canal System (1820s)

__**Links east to west**__

* (Ernie Canal, NY)
* Midwest farmers to NYC
* “Clinton’s Big Ditch”

2nd Great Awakening

1830s-40s

__**Birth of other reform movements**__

* Response to rationalism (__belief in human reason__)
* Response to __“forgiveness” doctrines__ (Unitarians)

__**Charles Finney**__

* Appeal to emotions
* __**Free will**__

Antebellum Reform Movements

2nd Great Awakening influenced:

* W- __Women’s__ Rights


* E- __Education__

\


* A- __Abolition__
* U- Utopian Societies (__Transcendentalists__)
* D- __Dorothea__ Dix and…
* I- __Insane Asylum__ (and Prison) Reform
* T- __Temperance__

Abolitionists

__**Disagreements**__ over the __**role of women**__ will hinder the effectiveness of the abolitionist movement

Theodore Dwight Well

* Protege of Finney
* __Large influence on Harriet Beecher Stowe__

William Lloyd Garrison

__**“immediate emancipation without compensation”**__

* The __Liberator__

Fredrick Douglass

* __North Star__
* Former __salve__, great __speaker__
* Also in __women’s movement__

David Walker

* More __**radical**__ than other abolitionist
* __Use of bloodshed to achieve freedom__

Harriet Tubman

__Underground Railroad__

Dorothea Dix

Trying to __improve asylums__ and __penitentiaries__

Seneca Falls Conference 1848

* Declaration of __Sentiment__
* “__All men and women are created equal__”
* __**Elizabeth Cady Stanton**__

Transcendentalists

* __Inner light__
* __Human dignity__
* __Self-reliance__
* __Individualism__
* __Nature__
* __Anti-authority__

Leading Transcendentalists

* __Ralph Waldo Emerson__
* __Henry David Thoreau__
* Margaret Fuller
* Nathaniel Hawthorne

Utopian Societies

* __Brooke Farm__ __**(Mass.)**__
* New Harmony (Ind)
* Oneida (NY)

Brooke Farm

* __**Massachusetts**__
* Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller
* __Philosophy of transcendentalism, deep thinkers/seeking perfection__
* __Meditation, communication with nature__

King Cotton

Two factors changed SC and Georgia being the only real cotton producing:


1. __Eli Whitney’s cotton gin__
2. __Northern textile mills__

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Cotton production exploded and moved west in 1820s

* Severely depleted the soil

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Dependency on one crop inhibits immigration

* __Added manpower and industry of the north__
* __South resents the north prosperity__

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After 1840, southern US cotton accounted for 50% of the world’s cotton

* __**Almost all England’s cotton imports came from the south**__

Slavery (Mid-1800s)

“The Peculiar Institution”

* __4 million slaves in the US__
* Life of slave __depended on location and size of plantation__
* Long days in the field
* __No political or economic rights__
* Viewed as property

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Laws in the South for slaves

* __Prevent resistance to slavery__
* __Prevent slave rebellions__

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__Most southerners did not own slaves__

* __Slaves__ in the __deep south__ (“Black Belts”) __suffered the most__

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__Free blacks__ were numerous in both the __north and south__

* __Few education__ or __legal rights__ depending on the area
* Frequently in __danger of being captured__
* South __wanted free blacks to relocate to the north__

Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831

* Virginia


* __Led to more sectionalism__

Clay’s American System

Designed to __help US manufacturing__ and __unite the country__


1. Support the __National Bank__
2. __Protective tariff__
3. “Federally” Funded __Internal Improvements__

* to help transportation/trade between states

__Madison vetoes__, so the states are on their own

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

* __Spain gives up Florida/Oregon__ territory
* US __recognizes Spanish control west__ of the Louisiana Purchase

Missouri Compromise (1820)

* __Missouri, slave__ state; __Maine, free__ state
* No slavery allowed __north of the 36’30 line__

Whigs

* __Jackson haters__
* Pro CAS
* Southern __states’ rights__

Jackson and J.Q.Adams differences

1. J.Q.Adams __supported__ bold __economic federal government__
2. Jackson declared a __war on the federal bank__

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1. J.Q.Adams considered __Ilitist__ (didn’t like contact with ordinary people)
2. Jackson __supported the “common man”__

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1. J.Q. Adams has __lenient approach to native americans__
2. Jackson declared the __Indian Removal Act__; Trail or tears

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1. J.Q.Adams was an __abolitionist__
2. Jackson __supported slavery__

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1. J.Q.Adams was more __principal over popularity__
2. Jackson’s __Spoils System__

Gibbons v. Ogden and significance

* NY __steamboat rights__
* __Congress controls interstate commerce__, not the states

Henry David Thoreau

wrote __**Civil Disobedience**__

* Argues that people should __avoid allowing gov. to make them agents of injustice__
* Was __disgusted by slavery__ and the Mexican-American War
* Advised people to __protest__ by __not obeying laws__ (passive resistance)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

* poet/philosopher/clergyman
* The American Scholar
* (intellectual Dec. of Ind.)
* __**“Self-Reliance”**__

Authors and their books

* Poe- The Raven
* Melville- Moby Dick
* Hawthorne- Scarlett Letter