APUSH Unit 4 Test

John Quincy Adams

1824-1828

• Great Sec. of State

• Hard worker, not much of a personality

• 1st “minority” president

• No national support

• Too nationalistic/FFII

• Adams wants a fair policy for the Native Americans

• Cumberland Road

• Tariff of 1828

After his presidency, he got bored and ran and got elected for House of Rep.

Corrupt Bargain (Elec. of 1824)

Clay and Adams not BFFs but agree politically

• Both nationalists and CAS supporters

• Clay throws support to Adams, Adams wins the election

• Adam appoints Clay as Sec. of State

Election of 1828

Adams vs. Jackson the Sequel

• Much hyperbole on both sides

• Very personal

• Political center was moving west

• (Jackson was more in favor of States’ rights; Adams favored a stronger federal gov.)

Jackson wins easily

• A new era of American politics begins

• Sectionalism dominates

Marked a change in national politics

• End of party caucuses

• National conventions

• Greater voter participation (no more property requirement)

Andrew Jackson

Social

• “average man” more involved in the political process (less voting requirements, national conventions)

• Removal of Native Americans from east of the Mississippi Riv.

• Slavery continues to be accepted in the South

Political

• Very strong executive

• (president) (use of veto power, dominating Congress and his cabinet)

• Against nullification (South Carolina)

Economic

• Jackson supports “laissez-faire” (the gov. will allow business to run itself)

• No Federally Funded Internal Improvement (Maysville Rd____.)

• Jackson kills the Bank of the US (challenge the constitutionality of the Bank)

Spoils System

__“To the victor goes the spoils”__

* __Rewarding those who helped__ you (election) with __jobs or key positions__

John C. Calhoun

__Former VP__

* __Leads South Carolina opposition__

Tariff of 1828

“Tariff of Abominations”

• High tariff

South felt the tariff was unfair and part of a plot to end slavery (hurt cotton sales/profits)

Jackson was caught in the middle of the issue

• From the South

• But politically needed the north

Nullification

“South Carolina exposition”

• SC will “nullify” the tariff and talks of succession

• Plot against the south

Congress passes the Force Bill

• Gives the president the power to send in troops to enforce the tariff

Clay proposes a compromise tariff

• Gradual reduction (1833)

Worcester v. Georgia

• Cherokee have prime land in Georgia

• Georgia wants to take the land

• Supreme Court (under Marshall) rules the SC has no real legal jurisdiction but the Cherokee may stay in Georgia

**“Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”** -Jackson

Meaning __“let’s see if you can try to beat me”__

* “fight me, bitch”

Trail of Tears

(Indian Removal Act of 1830)

* __100,000 Native Americans forced to go west of the Mississippi Riv.__

Election of 1832

Jackson defeats Clay

* __1st 3rd Party ever:__ __**Anti-Masons**__

Jackson and the Bank

Jackson kills the national bank

• Feels it is a tool of the rich and only helps the north/east and wealthy

• This will indirectly lead to the panic of 1837

• Nicholas Biddle (pres. of the bank)

Jackson and Presidential Power

• Trail of Tears

• Vetoes (Maysville Rd.)

• The Bank

• Force Bill

Picture of Andrew Jackson dressed as king

• View Point of the Whigs

• Jackson holding scepter and veto, standing on Constitution (Bank Issue)

Jackson’s personal enemies

• Clay

• Calhoun (VP)

• Biddle (pres. of the bank)

Election 1836

• Whigs- Wm H. Harrison

• Dems- Van Buren (hand-picked by Jackson)

• VB wins

• 1st pres. born under the US flag

• Panic of 1837

Santa Ana

1835 new gov.

• Less power to the people

• Dissolved state gov.

• Slavery issue

• Mexican taxes on American goods

• Mexico stops migration from the US

Texas Independence

1836 Texas declares independence

• 1837 Texas petitions for annexation, US says no

Austins: many are “free spirits”

• Friction develops

Election of 1840

Whigs- Harrison

• (Old Tippecanoe)

• VP- John Tyler from VA (Democrat)

• Harrison has no issues or enemies; Log Cabin

Dems- Van Buren

• The Panic hurts VB

1. Populist-style rules, appeal to the people

2. Two party system entrenched

• Harrison wins

Immigration (Mid-1800s)

Irish 1840s

• Potato famine

• Single men

• No real skills

• Eastern cities

Germans 1840-1860

• Came as families, communities

• Education important

• Settled in the Midwest

• Brought skills with them

• Anti-slavery

Some Americans do not like the foreign influx

• Steal jobs

• Corrupt society (Know Nothings)

• Anti-immigrant party

• Nativists Catholic

Industrialism in the south

__**Economic in South is not strong**__

* The south becomes __too dependent on its agrarian economy__

Cult of Domesticity

__Women’s job is to nurture the family__ and do __domestic jobs__

__“exemplify the nations of virtue”__

Transportation

• Turnpike (1st toll roads)

• Cumberland Rd. (VA-IL) (connected east to Ohio)

• Steamboats

• Canal System

• Railroads

• Pony Express

Canal System (1820s)

Links east to west

• (Ernie Canal, NY)

• Midwest farmers to NYC

• “Clinton’s Big Ditch”

2nd Great Awakening

1830s-40s

Birth of other reform movements

• Response to rationalism (belief in human reason)

• Response to “forgiveness” doctrines (Unitarians)

__**Charles Finney**__

• Appeal to emotions

• Free will

Antebellum Reform Movements

2nd Great Awakening influenced:

• W- Women’s Rights

• E- Education

• A- Abolition

• U- Utopian Societies (Transcendentalists)

• D- Dorothea Dix and…

• I- Insane Asylum (and Prison) Reform

• T- Temperance

Abolitionists

__**Disagreements**__ over the __**role of women**__ will hinder the effectiveness of the abolitionist movement

Theodore Dwight Well

• Protege of Finney

• Large influence on Harriet Beecher Stowe

William Lloyd Garrison

__**“immediate emancipation without compensation”**__

* The __Liberator__

Fredrick Douglass

• North Star

• Former salve, great speaker

• Also in women’s movement

David Walker

• More radical than other abolitionist

• Use of bloodshed to achieve freedom

Harriet Tubman

__Underground Railroad__

Dorothea Dix

Trying to __improve asylums__ and __penitentiaries__

Seneca Falls Conference 1848

• Declaration of Sentiment

• “All men and women are created equal”

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Transcendentalists

• Inner light

• Human dignity

• Self-reliance

• Individualism

• Nature

• Anti-authority

Leading Transcendentalists

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Henry David Thoreau

• Margaret Fuller

• Nathaniel Hawthorne

Utopian Societies

• Brooke Farm (Mass.)

• New Harmony (Ind)

• Oneida (NY)

Brooke Farm

• Massachusetts

• Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller

• Philosophy of transcendentalism, deep thinkers/seeking perfection

• Meditation, communication with nature

King Cotton

Two factors changed SC and Georgia being the only real cotton producing:

1. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

2. Northern textile mills

Cotton production exploded and moved west in 1820s

• Severely depleted the soil

Dependency on one crop inhibits immigration

• Added manpower and industry of the north

• South resents the north prosperity

After 1840, southern US cotton accounted for 50% of the world’s cotton

• Almost all England’s cotton imports came from the south

Slavery (Mid-1800s)

“The Peculiar Institution”

• 4 million slaves in the US

• Life of slave depended on location and size of plantation

• Long days in the field

• No political or economic rights

• Viewed as property

Laws in the South for slaves

• Prevent resistance to slavery

• Prevent slave rebellions

Most southerners did not own slaves

• Slaves in the deep south (“Black Belts”) suffered the most

Free blacks were numerous in both the north and south

• Few education or legal rights depending on the area

• Frequently in danger of being captured

• South wanted free blacks to relocate to the north

Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831

• Virginia

• Led to more sectionalism

Clay’s American System

Designed to help US manufacturing and unite the country

1. Support the National Bank

2. Protective tariff

3. “Federally” Funded Internal Improvements

• to help transportation/trade between states

Madison vetoes, so the states are on their own

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

• Spain gives up Florida/Oregon territory

• US recognizes Spanish control west of the Louisiana Purchase

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri, slave state; Maine, free state

• No slavery allowed north of the 36’30 line

Whigs

• Jackson haters

• Pro CAS

• Southern states’ rights

Jackson and J.Q.Adams differences

1. J.Q.Adams supported bold economic federal government

2. Jackson declared a war on the federal bank

1. J.Q.Adams considered Ilitist (didn’t like contact with ordinary people)

2. Jackson supported the “common man”

1. J.Q. Adams has lenient approach to native americans

2. Jackson declared the Indian Removal Act; Trail or tears

1. J.Q.Adams was an abolitionist

2. Jackson supported slavery

1. J.Q.Adams was more principal over popularity

2. Jackson’s Spoils System

Gibbons v. Ogden and significance

• NY steamboat rights

• Congress controls interstate commerce, not the states

Henry David Thoreau

wrote Civil Disobedience

• Argues that people should avoid allowing gov. to make them agents of injustice

• Was disgusted by slavery and the Mexican-American War

• Advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

• poet/philosopher/clergyman

• The American Scholar

• (intellectual Dec. of Ind.)

• “Self-Reliance”

Authors and their books

• Poe- The Raven

• Melville- Moby Dick

• Hawthorne- Scarlett Letter