AP Human Geography - Unit 2 Vocabulary

Population

groups of people

Population density

the pattern of where people live

Physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

Human factors

culture, economics, history, politics

Population density

how many people occupy a piece of land

Arithmetic density

total population divided by land area

Physiological density

total population divided by total arable land

Agricultural density

total farmers divided by total arable land

Population composition

the structure of a population using characteristics like age, gender, race, etc.

Age structure

organization of a population using age groups

Dependency ratio

those who are dependent on the working population (under 15 and over 64 years old)

Working population

Those who must support the dependent population (15-64 years old)

Dependency ratio

dependent population divided by working population

Population dynamics

the study of how and why populations change over time

Fertility

a measure of people's ability to have children

What does CBR stand for?

Crude birth rate

What is the definition of crude birth rate (CBR)?

Number of births per 1000 people

How is the crude birth rate (CBR) calculated?

(Number of births in a year / total population) x 1000

Total fertility rate (TFR)

average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

What is the TFR ratio at which a population will remain stable?

2.1

Mortality rate

a population's rate of deaths

Crude death rate

number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Infant mortality rate

number of deaths of children who haven't reached 1 years old per year per 1000 live births

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

crude birth rate (CBR) - crude death rate (CDR)

What does a positive RNI mean in terms of population growth?

There is an increase in population growth

What does a negative RNI mean in terms of pop. growth?

negative population growth

How does migration contribute to RNI?

It can increase the RNI of an area

Doubling rate

how many years it will take for a country to double in population size

Baby boom

a sudden increase in birth rates over a specific period

What is the purpose of the demographic transition model (DTM)?

to show how the CBR, CBD, and rate of natural increase change as society passes through these different phases of history.

Define stage 1 of the DTM

High stationary: high birth rate, high death rate, little to no population growth due to poor health care, disease, famine, and low life expectancy

Define stage 2 of the DTM

Early expanding: high birth rate, decreased death rate, rapid population growth because of improvements in healthcare, food supply and sanitation. (Ex. some countries in Sub-saharan Africa)

Define stage 3 of the DTM

Late expanding: birth rate begins to fall, death rate falls, population growth slows down due to access to contraception, urbanization, and education. (Ex. Mexico, India)

Define stage 4 of the DTM

Low stationary: low birth rate, low death rate, stable population growth due to developed economies, family planing, and high living standards. (Ex. USA, Canada, most of Europe)

Define stage 5 of the DTM

Declining: birth rate lower than death rate, low death rate, declining population growth due to aging population, fewer people having children (Ex. Japan, Italy, Germany)

Agrarian

people are mainly farmers

Pre-industrial

when goods were made by hands instead of machines

What does the epidemiological transition model mean (ETM)?

focuses on death rate and why the death rate changes over time

Define stage 1 of the ETM

Famine and pestilence: high death rate, low life expectancy, and population grows in bursts and is not sustained

Define stage 2 of the ETM

Receding pandemic: life expectancy increases significantly, death rate starts declining, and increased sanitation, nutrition, and medicine. Most deaths come from pandemics

Define stage 3 of the ETM

Degenerative and human created resources: low death rate, life expectancy increases, and diseases associated with older age emerge (cancer, heart disease)

Define stage 4 of the ETM

Delayed degenerative disease: highest life expectancy, and significant advancements in technology to combat diseases associated with aging

Define stage 5 of the DTM

Reemergence in infectious diseases: infectious diseases develop resistance against medication, and becomes a deadly threat again. Life expectancy decreases.

What are critiques of the ETM?

1. Focuses too much on diseases causing death rates

2. Does not include poverty as a common cause of emergence of diseases

Malthusian theory

states that population grows faster than food production, which will cause shortage in food, resulting in diseases, famine, and death

Antinatalist policies

policies intended to decrease the number of children born. (ex. china's one child policy)

Pro natalist policies

policies that increase the number of children born

Immigration policies

may encourage or restrict migration

Aging population

population in which the elders of the dependency ratio is increasing

Immigration

people migrating to a country

Emigration

people leaving a country

Push factors

factors that cause a person to leave their home country (social, economic, and political factors)

pull factors

factors that encourage a person to migrate to a country (social, economic, and political factors)

Intervening obstacles

challenges migrants must overcome during their trip

Voluntary migration

migration by choice

Transnational migration

when someone migrates across national boundaries while having strong ties to their home country

Transhumance

the seasonal migration of pastorals with their livestock

Internal migration

migrating within a country

Chain migration

when someone migrates to a country and causes a chain of relatives moving after them.