Industrialism

congress of Vienna

Austria

European governments want peace after Napoleonic wars

→ first time nations of an entire continent cooperated to control political affairs 

→ settlements left no one holding a grudge; did not cause future wars 

the five “great powers”

• Russia 

• Prussia 

• Austria (Klemens von Metternich)

• Great Britain  

• France

metternich’s goals

• Contain France - surround france with strong countries to prevent French aggression 

• Balance of Power - political situation, no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to another; do not punish France enough that it inspires revenge, France will remain a major but diminished European power

• Legitimacy - restore ruling powers driven out by Napoleon to power to stabilize political relations among nations

strengthening of weak countries

• Austrian Netherlands and Dutch republic = Kingdom of the Netherlands 

• 39 German states join to form the German Confederation (dominated by Austria) 

• Switzerland becomes an independent nation 

• Kingdom of Sardinia (Italy) is strengthened by the addition of Genoa

conservatism

high value on existing institutions, customs, and tradition

• Belief in mankind’s essential irrational nature

• Faith in supernatural force guiding human affairs

• Acceptance of human inequality

• acceptance of the attending consequences of social hierarchy

• Recognized the need for a community among individuals that will bind them emotionally to their society

how did it achieve its goals

• Reinstate monarchies 

  • France, Britain- constitutional monarchy 

  • Russia, Prussia, Austria - absolute monarchy

• Holy alliance 

  • Fear of “liberte, equalite, fraternite” encouraging revolution elsewhere 

  • Base relations with other nations on Christian principles to combat revolutions

• Concert of europe 

  • Nations would help each other if any revolutions broke out

liberalism

idea of a contract between the people and their government

• Right to revolt if contract violated 

• Natural rights belong to all people 

• Faith in/support of human rational potential 

• Limited govt. powers 

• Majority rule tempered by minority rights 

• Support of change in society 

Liberals vs Congress of Vienna 

• liberals want the king to share power with legislature 

• lower classes still committed to ideals of liberte, equalite, fraternite

• French rev was first experiment in democracy; failed but new political ideas in motion and cause future revs

nationalism

feeling of pride/devotion to one’s nation 

• Develops among people who share a common language, history, traditions, or goals 

• Causes people to join together/choose their own form of govt. without outside interference

• Breaks up empires through revolts of their ethnic groups 

• Causes ethnocentrism and the imperialism among groups 

agricultural revolution

unprecended increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increase in labor and land productivity

innovations

selective breeding - mating two animals with desired characteristics

crop rotation - planting different crops in successive seasons on the same plot of land to preserve soil’s fertility

enclosure system - wealthy landowners increase their holdings and cultivate larger fields

seed drill - sow seeds in well spaced rows at specific depths

advantages

• controllable food supply

• food surplus - not everyone needs to work in fields, cities/specialization of labor possible

• farming practice available everywhere

disadvantages

• have to radically change the environment to keep feeding people as population grows

• not beneficial to plants/humans

  • farming is hard

  • origins of slavery

industrial revolution

greatly increased output of machine made goods; began in England, mid 1700s

before

cottage industries

• workers produced finished goods

• dealt directly with merchants

problem

• natural disasters destroy home equipment

• took a while to learn skills/physical strength to use machines (loom)

next

factories

• divided into many separate tasks

• easy to learn

• each worker assigned to one

urbanization

migration of people from rural areas to cities

• large mill operations opened near rivers at first but later changed to steam power

• towns grow around factories/coal mines

• families live in crowded company dwellings

• disease spread easily, poor conditions

• “Black Country” - smoke from burning of coal left thick soot/chemicals in the air of England

new social classes

middle class

social shift

(needed who, expectations?)

• factories required large amounts of capital (building, machinery fees)

• needed wealthy businessman to invest in/own factories

• needed mid-level employees to run/supervise factories

• needed low-level employees to run machines

• expectations of making profit

  • won’t share money with employees

• no need to improve factory conditions - plenty of workers

labor conditions

(what movement)

• luddite movement

  • opposed machines that put cottage industries out of business

  • destroyed factories/machines

• British gov did not want to be involved with factory problems

  • not their problem to regulate businesses

  • if they helped the poor too much, they would lose incentive to work hader

• early 1800’s - first labor unions with organized strikes

  • parliament ban unions/strikes

  • feared social/economical trouble

factory life

• exploitation of women and children

• preferred hiring them - could pay lower wages and produced higher quality

• many were fleeting poverty in the countryside

• long work hours - 12+ hours

• bad conditions

  • noisy, lack of ventilation/sanitation/food

economy

all activity related to production, consumption, and trade of goods/services

factors of production

resources people used to produce goods/services

• land

• labor

• capital (machines/factories)

  • entrepreneurship/innovation

free market

(based on…, without…)

• goods/services produced, bought, and sold based on supply and demand

• no gov interference

command economy

central gov has influence over how goods/services are produced, bought, and sold

capitalism

• economic system

• factors of production privately owned

• money invested in business ventures to make profit

economic liberalism

• political and economical philosophy

• based on strong support for free market economy and private ownership of production factors

“smith's invisible hand”

competition and self interest regulates free market

1. keeps prices low

2. keeps quality high

3. gov not involved

4. needs of society automatically met

5. profit-seeking producers make more

socialism

• aims to give workers shared ownership of materials they use to make for products

• capitalism does not distribute wealth/property fairly

  • state takes from each according to their abilities and provides each according to their needs

utopia

imagined community/society that has highly desirable/nearly perfect qualities for its citizens

no private ownership

equality

emphasis on education

marxism

• all of history has been class struggle between workers and owners

• bourgeoisie - owners of the factors of production

• proletariat - workers who operate the factories

• this struggle would build up to massive revolution; workers would take over

• after - workers develop worker ruined gov where the gov owned all factors of production SOCIALISM

• eventually - once public ownership in place, no need for gov, final stage of rev COMMUNISM

Bentham

recognize the fundamental role of pain and pleasure in human life

Utilitarian belief

Constitutional code

• approves/disaporives of action on basis of the amount of pain/pleasure

  • consequences

  • capable of measure

• good = pleasure

• evil = pain

Malthus’ theory of population

If human population was allowed to increase uncontrollably, it will grow to a point where not enough food supply can support everyone

bonds of a nation-state

• Culture -shared way of life

• History -common past

• Language

• Territory -belonging to a certain land

• Nationality -common ethnic ancestry

• Religion

Factory acts

Limited child labor

Mines act

Forbade women and boys under 10 from working underground

Great reform bill

Universal male suffrage

Elementary education act

Ages 5-12 get free compulsory education

Trade union act

Legalized labor unions

Sanitation act

Government has to build and repair sewers, approve new streets and construction

Public health act

Government had to make clean drinking water