PART 2: key presidents (WRITTEN active recall)

George Washington

First President of the United States (1789–1797), notable for the Judiciary Act, Neutrality Proclamation, and establishing the two-term precedent.

Judiciary Act

Legislation passed during George Washington’s presidency that organized the federal court system.

Neutrality Proclamation

A declaration by President George Washington that the U.S. would remain neutral in conflicts between European nations.

Two-term precedent

The tradition established by George Washington of serving no more than two terms as President.

Thomas Jefferson

Third President of the United States (1801–1809), known for the Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act, and testing implied powers.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of Louisiana territory from France, which doubled the size of the U.S.

Embargo Act

A law passed in 1807 under Thomas Jefferson that prohibited American ships from trading in foreign ports.

Andrew Jackson

Seventh President of the United States (1829–1837), recognized for the Indian Removal Act, Bank War, and broadening white male suffrage.

Indian Removal Act

1830 legislation that authorized the removal of Native American tribes from their homelands.

Bank War

A political struggle surrounding the fate of the Second Bank of the United States during Andrew Jackson’s presidency.

Abraham Lincoln

Sixteenth President of the United States (1861–1865), famous for the Emancipation Proclamation and preserving the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

The 1863 executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln freeing all slaves in Confederate-held territory.

Theodore Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth President of the United States (1901–1909), known for trust-busting, conservation efforts, and elevating the U.S. on the world stage.

Trust-busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

Woodrow Wilson

Twenty-eighth President of the United States (1913–1921), recognized for the Federal Reserve, Clayton Antitrust Act, and leading the U.S. in WWI.

Federal Reserve

The central banking system of the United States, established in 1913 under Woodrow Wilson.

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 law designed to strengthen antitrust laws and protect competition.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Thirty-second President of the United States (1933–1945), known for New Deal programs and leadership during WWII.

New Deal programs

A series of programs and reforms enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression.

Harry S. Truman

Thirty-third President of the United States (1945–1953), notable for the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and desegregation of the military.

Truman Doctrine

A policy established in 1947 to support countries resisting communism.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961), known for the Interstate Highway System and Cold War brinkmanship.

Interstate Highways

A network of highways built during Eisenhower's presidency to improve transportation across the U.S.

Ronald Reagan

Fortieth President of the United States (1981–1989), known for tax cuts, military buildup, and efforts that contributed to the end of the Cold War.