ASLP 3035 EXAM 2 REVIEW

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All speakers alter their language in response to situational variables, depends on the speaker's perception of the situation and the participants, attitude toward or knowledge of the topic, and intention or purpose

Contingent Queries

Requests for clarification (What?, Huh? , I don't understand), to initiate or continue an exchange

Topic

What we talk about (the content)

Presupposition

Assumptions about the listener's knowledge.

- For example, when a speaker says "Tom's car is new", we can presuppose that Tom exists and that he has a car.

Directives and Requests

The purpose of directives and requests is to get others to do things for the speaker

Direct Example

"Stop that!"

Indirect Example

Could you get the phone?" (conventional)

"Phew, it's hot in here." (nonconventional)

Deictic Terms

Denotes times and participants from the speaker's pov. (here, there, this, that, pronouns)

Narratives

Self-generated stories; telling of familiar tales; retelling of books, movies, or television shows; and recounting of personal experiences

Centering Narratives

Linking of entities to form a story nucleus. Can be based on similarity of features

Chaining Narratives

Linking of entities to form a story nucleus. Can be based on similarity of features

Interrogatives (Questions)

Children's responses to different types of questions and their production of these same types have a similar order of development.

Early question forms include what and where (place), followed by who, whose, and which, and finally by when (time), how, and why.

Interrogatives Examples

What and where, who, whose, and which. When (time) how and why

Temporal Relations

Terms such as when, before, since, and while can convey information on the order, duration, and simultaneity of events. You can go home after we eat dinner

Temporal Relations Example

You can go home after we eat dinner

Physical Relations

Terms such as thick/thin, fat/skinny, more/less, and same/different are frequently difficult for preschool children to learn. In general, a child first learns that the terms are opposites, then the dimensions to which each term refers. Kids learn "positives" first

Physical Relations Examples

Thin/thick. Fat/skinny. More/less

Locational Prepositions

A child understands different spatial relations before beginning to speak about them.

Locational Prepositions Examples

In, on, under

Verb Particles

Multiword grammatical unit that functions as a verb

Verb Particles Examples

Stand up, sit down, take off

Prepositions

A word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause

Prepositions Examples

In the room. On the table

Kinship Terms

Terms that refer to family members

Kinship Terms Examples

Dad, sister, brother

Subjective Pronouns

A personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb

Subjective Pronouns Examples

I, she, he, they, we

Objective Pronouns

A type of personal pronoun that is normally used as a grammatical object, either as the direct or indirect object of a verb, or as the object of a preposition

Objective Pronouns Examples

Me, her, him, them, us

MLU (Mean Length of Utterance)

Average number of morphemes per utterance

# of morphemes / # of utterance

Bound Morphemes

Are phonologically reduced and unstressed monosyllabic bits of language

Bound Morphemes Examples

-s in plays

Re- in replay

-ly in Cheaply

Possessive

Originally marked with word order and stress, is attached only to single animate nouns,

Possessive Examples

Mommy or doggie, to form Mommy's or doggie's

(cat's, /s/; dog's, /z/; witch's, /əz/)

Progressive

Verb tense is used in English to indicate an activity that is currently or was recently in progress and is of temporary duration

Progressive Examples

I am knowing you (knowing)

He is needing help (needing)

Uncontractible Copula

The full form of the verb to be when it is the only verb in a sentence.

Uncontractible Copula Examples

Is it Alison? (Is it)

Yes, it is. (it is)

Was it Alison? (was it)

Contractible Copula

The shortened form of the verb 'to be' when it is the only verb in a sentence.

Contractible Copula Examples

She's ready. (She's)

They're here. (They're)

Daddy's home. (Daddy's)

My dog's toy. (Dog's)

Uncontractible Auxiliary

The full form of the verb 'to be' when it is an auxiliary verb in a sentence.

Uncontractible Auxiliary Examples

Are they swimming? (Are they)

Were you hungry? (Were you)

I'm not laughing, she is. (she is)

Contractible Auxiliary

The shortened form of the verb 'to be' when it is an auxiliary verb in a sentence.

Contractable Auxiliary

They're coming. (they're)

He's coming. (he's)

I'm opening it up (I'm)

Noun Suffixes

-er, added to a verb to form the name of the person who performs the action

Noun Suffixes Examples

A teacher who teaches (teacher)

A person who hits is a hitter (hitter)

Articles

Do not precede pronouns and most proper nouns

Articles Example

a and the

A ball on the book (a,the)

Demonstratives

A demonstrative determiner or pronoun.

Demonstratives Examples

This

That

These

Those

Adjectives

Words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence

Adjectives Examples

A tall professor (tall)

A short dog (short)

Post Noun Modification

Noun which is used attributively to modify or qualify another noun

Post Noun Modification Examples

A railway station (railway)

The quite library (quite)

The hot room (hot)

Verb Phrase

A verb is a syntactic element that expresses existence (I am), action (She is jumping), or occurrence (We thought of you instantly). In short, verbs and verb phrases (VPs) say something about people, things, places, and events (is happy, eats, planted the tree).

Transitive Verbs

It is an action verb, expressing a doable activity. It must have a direct object, something or someone who receives the action of the verb

Transitive Verbs Examples

Jason kicked David (kicked/david)

Joshed wants a smile from Jessica (Wants/smile)

Cory pained the canvas (Painted/canvas)

Active Voice Example

Mary sent a letter (sent)

Sue loves cake (loves)

Passive Voice Example

A letter was sent by Mary (was sent)

Cake is loved by Sue (is loved)

Modal Auxiliary

A verb that is used with another verb to express a mood or tense

Modal Auxiliary Examples

We should play football (should/play)

We can play soccer (can/play)

Participle Phrase

A participial phrase contains a participle (a verb-derived word ending in -ing, -ed, -t, -en, or a few irregular forms) and serves as an adjective

Participle Phrase Example

Setting sun (setting)

Lost cause (lost)

Broken promise (broken)

Fallen warrior (fallen)

Gerund

Gerund development generally parallels that of infinitives. This would seem logical given that gerunds can generally be used where infinitives are. See X verb-ing and Watch X verb-ing

Gerund Example

I love painting (to paint/painting)

Infinitive

An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers

Infinitive Examples

To smash a spider (to smash)

To kick a ball (to kick)

To eat a slice of cake (to eat)

Tense

A marking of the verb, such as past or future, that relates the speech time in the present to the event time or time when the event occurs.

Tense Examples

We laughed (laughed)

I see you laughing (laughing)

You will laugh (will laugh)

Declarative Sentence Form

A sentence that is making a statement, gives facts or lets someone know something

Declarative Sentence Form Examples

It's a nice day today

We're going to swim today

Interrogative Sentences Form

A type of sentence that asks a question, as opposed to sentences that make a statement, deliver a command, or express an exclamation.

Interrogative Sentences Form Examples

Who are they? (who)

What is it? (what)

Where are they? (where)

Imperative Sentence From

A sentence where the speaker requests, demands, asks, insists, commands, and so on, that the listener perform some act.

Imperative Sentence Form Examples

Gimmie a cookie please.

Throw the ball to me

Negative Sentence Form

A negative sentence is a sentence that states that something is false

Negative Sentence Form Examples

No eating ice cream (no)

Don't leave yet (don't)

Phrase

A phrase is a set of words, taken together in the form of a conceptual unit.

Phrase Example

I will see you at the game (at the game)

Harry loves to play games (to play games)

Clause

A clause is a component of grammatical arrangement, that contains set of words having a subject and verb.

Clause Examples

The person you saw at school. (you saw at school)

Simple Sentence

A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.

Simple Sentence Examples

The boys went to the park

Jason likes to eat pizza

Object Noun-Phrase Complements

Consist of a subordinate clause that serves as the object of the main clause

Object Noun-Phrase Complements Examples

I know something (something)

I know I like it (it)

Embedded wh-Complements

In the following sentences, the wh- subordinate clause fills the object function, as in "I know X":

Embedded wh-Complements Examples

I know who did it (who did it)

She saw where the kitty went (where the kitty went)

Relative Clauses

Subordinate clauses that follow and modify nouns.

Relative Clauses

Later they were all sad (later)

Do you know the girl who lives here (who)

Epenthesis

Vowel Insertion

Tree becomes teree

Final Consonant Deletion

Consonant Deletion

Cup becomes cu

Initial Consonant Deletion

Chart becomes art

Unstressed Syllable Deletion

Banana becomes nana

Consonant Cluster Reduction

Spider becomes pider

Stopping

Replace sound with a plosive

This becomes dis

Fronting

Something becomes somethin

Backing

Dog becomes gog

Gliding

Rabbit becomes wabbit