AP Human Geography Unit 5 - Agriculture

Third Agricultural Revolution

Scientific and technological development brought into agriculture

Genetically Modified Organisms

Plants and animals whose genetic makeup has been modified

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa after 1492 AD.

First Agricultural Revolution

The shift from foraging to farming 11000 years ago

Domestication

The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals while using selective breeding for desired traits

Foragers

Small nomadic groups who had (primarily) plant based diets.

Nomadic Herding or Pastoral Nomadism.

A practice of people moving their cattle as needed for grazing.

Transhumance

The movement of herds from higher elevations during the summer to lower elevations during the winter, and vice versa.

Shifting Cultivation

The practice of growing crops, and/or grazing animals on a piece of land for one or two years, then abandoning it, when nutrients have depleted.

Slash and Burn

The practice of burning slashed vegetation for an ash fertilizer.

Mixed Crop and Livestock Systems

When both crop and livestock are raised for profit

Extensive Agriculture

When farming has relatively few inputs and investment in labor and capital.

Plantation Agriculture

Large scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for distant markets

Market gardening

A farm that produces agricultural crops, which are then sold locally.

Monoculture

The agricultural system of planting a type of plant and or raising animals annually.

Linear settlement

A settlement in which houses and buildings extend in a long line following a land feature

Monocropping

The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally.

Crop rotation

The varying of crops from year to year allow for restoration of valuable nutrients

Agriculture

The purposeful cultivation of plants are animals to produce goods for survival.

Climate regions

Areas that have similar climate patterns.

Mediterranean agriculture

Agriculture, consisting of growing hardy trees and shrubs while raising sheep and goats.

Subsistence Agriculture

When farmers grow food for their families consumption.

Commercial agriculture

When farmers grow crops and the raised livestock for profit to sell to customers.

Bid rent theory

Explains how land value determines how a farmer uses the land

Central business district

The central location of a city

Intensive agriculture

When farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from some land.

Clustered settlement

A settlement in which residents live in close proximity with each other.

Dispersed settlement

A settlement in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another.

Agricultural hearth

Where different group groups begin to domesticate plants and animals.

Fertile crescent

The heart were domestication first took place in southwest Asia.

Second agricultural revolution

When new tools and practices were implemented into agriculture.

Enclosure system

Farms owned by individuals.

Greener Revolution

The off shoot of the third agriculture revolution that introduced it to the periphery.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities required for operations of success.

Dual agricultural economy

Two agricultural sectors in the same country that have different levels of technology and patterns of demand.

Agribusiness

The large scale system that includes the production processing and distribution of agricultural products and equipment.

Hybrid

When different varieties of plants are bred to enhance desired characteristics and improve disease resistance.