GE2 EXAM 6

Chapter 6: Communication for Academic Purposes: Research Writing

Basic Research

conducted to increase general knowledge

Basic Research

concerned in coming up with theories about a phenomenon

Descriptive Research

also known as statistical research

Descriptive Research

These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information. It deals with everything that on the can be counted and studied, which has an impact lives of people it deals with.

Qualitative Research

a research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes and symbols.

Qualitative Research

aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.

Quantitative Research

the systematic empirical investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.

Applied Research

conducted to help solve practical problems or to help researchers and political scientists understand past behavior in order to guide them in their attempts at predicting future behavior.

Applied Research

concerned with developing theories about why something happened; they look for causal relationships. They conduct research in order to predict its happening again in the future.

Exploratory Research

conducted to resolve ambiguity

Exploratory Research

used principally to gain a structured and rigorous research. Studies of this nature are less structured, more flexible in approach and are not conducted to test or validate any preconceived propositions; it could lead to some testable hypothesis.

Exploratory Research

helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects

Applied or Action Research

scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems.

Applied or Action Research

used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake

Fundamental or basic or pure research

this research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to create or invent something.

Ethnographic Research

a culture through an in-depth study of its members; it involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior.

Ethnographic Research

to attempt to understand what is happening naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be formed from the data.

Ethnography

involves the study of the culture/characteristics or a group in real-work rather than laboratory setting.

Experimental Research

an objective systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected variables

Experimental Research

The simplest experimental design includes two variables (independent and dependent variables) and two groups of participants (control and experimental group)

Grounded Theory Research

a research approach designed to discover what problems are existing in a given social environment and how the persons involved handle them; it involves formulation, testing and reformulation of propositions until a theory is developed.

Grounded Theory Research

It is a research method that operates almost in a reverse fashion from traditional research and at first may appear to be in contradiction to the scientific method.

Codes

identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered.

Concepts

Collection of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped.

Categories

Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory

Theory

collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research

Phenomenological Research

inductive descriptive research approach developed from phenomenological philosophy; its aim is to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person.

Phenomenological Research

It is concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individual, bracketing taken-for-granted assumptions and usual ways of perceiving. They are based on a paradigm of personal knowledge and subjectivity and emphasize the importance of personal perspective and interpretation.

Creative Works

non-traditional research outputs that have been produced through writing, making, composing, designing, recording, performing or curating

Primary Data

collected directly by the researcher (e.g. through interviews or experiments)

Secondary Data

has already been collected by someone else (e.g. in government surveys or scientific publications).

Descriptive Research

gathers data without controlling any variables

Experimental Research

manipulates and controls variables to determine cause

Basic Research

aims to develop knowledge, scientific understanding predictions

Applied Research

aims to develop techniques, products and procedures

Exploratory Research

aims to explore the main aspects of an under-researched problem

Explanatory Research

aims to explain the causes and consequences of a well-defined problem

Inductive Research

aims to develop a theory

Deductive Research

aims to test a theory

APA

psychology and social sciences

MLA

popular in language and literary studies

Chicago

time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar

Turabian

designed for students writing a research paper

Harvard

used in field of economics

Vancouver

used in medical disciplines

Oscola

used in law schools; for legal academic writing in English

IEEE

used in technical studies, such as IT and electrical engineering

AMA

medical and scientific publishing

ACS

used primarily in chemistry papers

NLM

used primarily in the medical world

AAA

primarily used in social studies

APSA

used in political science studies, with specific rules for documentation from the United States government

Kinesics

This involves your body movement such as your eye contact, your gestures, how you sit, how you walk, etc.

Haptics

This involves communicating through the use of touch. This includes non-verbal actions such as hugs, kiss, taps on the shoulder, etc.

Vocalics

This is communicating through the use of your voice such as your rate or speed of talking, volume of your voice, the rising and falling of your intonation, etc.

Proxemics

This involves space and its role in the communication process. Proxemics can be categorized into:

Personal Presentation and Environment

the manner of how you present yourself, how you look, how you dress, and your characteristics. These are all parts of how people understand and accept the messages that you try to send.

Ethnocentrism

a belief that on culture is better or superior than any other culture

Cultural relativism

a belief that all culture is of equal value and should be treated with respect and fairness rather than being treated with criticism and negative judgment.

Cultural appreciation

the manner of giving honor and respect of one’s culture

Cultural appropriation

the inappropriate adoption and the lack acknowledgment of one’s culture for the sake of one’s personal interest

Bias

the inclination, predisposition or partiality towards something. Bias connotes a favorable impression towards a culture or belief.

Prejudice

an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand, without knowledge of the facts

Discrimination

the unfair treatment of a person or group as a consequence of an adverse judgment or opinion of a culture.

Language register

the appropriateness of the level and style of speaking and writing. It guides a speaker or writer in the use of vocabulary, structure and grammar.

Formal register

the type of speaking/writing appropriate for formal speeches, articles, studies, technical reports, announcements, business letters and emails for business purposes.

Informal language register

used for informal and friendly letters/speeches for your acquaintances, friends and family members, thus written in an informal style.

neutral language register

neither formal nor informal, thus applicable for non- emotional and factual themes. This style of writing/speaking is usually seen in articles, technical reports and magazine reviews.

Multimodality

the interweaving of two or more modes using text, images, audio, and other visual, aural or spatial resources.

Semiotic system

assigning content of signs (semiotics) and their meanings in a system or structure.

Linguistic

includes aspects such as vocabulary, generic structure of both oral and written language

Visual

includes aspects such as colors, vectors, and still and moving images

Audio

includes aspects such as volume, pitch, rhythm of music and sound effects

Gestural

includes aspects such as movements, speed and stillness in facial expression and body movement

Spatial

includes aspects such as proximity, direction, position of layout, and organization of objects in space

Infographic

a collection of pictures, charts, and graphs that gives an understanding of a topic’s overview

Advertisements

multimodal texts presenting visuals and linguistic semiotic systems, the means of many companies to market and promote their products, services, and campaigns or platforms

Read Speech

It is a practice of reading a manuscript or written speech. As the speaker delivers his talk, he refers to a printed document, a projector, or a teleprompter

Memorized Speech

It is a talk that entails memorizing a manuscript. Similarly, it is a speech recited rather than read from cue cards or prewritten texts

Impromptu Speech

It is given on the spot allowing a speaker to deliver a talk with little or no time to prepare where there are no notes, planning, or practice before and during the talk

Extemporaneous Speech

It is delivered using prepared structure such as notes or an outline which enable the speaker to organize his speech and to determine where to proceed next