LS 7C PCRQs

For multicellularity to develop, there must be a mechanism of signaling among cells in the multicellular organism. Which of the structures in the cell membrane receives signals from the environment or from other cells?

receptors

plasmodesmata

cadherins

gap junctions

receptors

The ability of cells to adhere to one another is fundamental to multicellularity. (T/F)

true

Which of the options is not a general requirement for complex multicellular life?

Cells must stick together.

All of these choices are correct.

Individual cells must retain a full range of functions, including reproduction.

Cells must communicate with one another.

Cells must participate in a network of genetic interactions that regulate cell division.

Individual cells must retain full range of functions, including reproduction

Cells can have different fates depending on which genes are switched on or off; don't need to retain full range of functions; dependent on gradient of environmental signals

Many of the signaling pathways used for signaling between cells in complex multicellular organisms first evolved in:

unicellular prokaryotes.

simple multicellular prokaryotes.

simple multicellular eukaryotes.

unicellular eukaryotes.

complex multicellular prokaryotes.

unicellular eukaryotes

A cell can only respond to signals from other cells, not from the physical environment. (T/F)

false

Cells can respond to both signals from other cells and physical environment

Which of the answer choices is a cellular response to signal transduction?

a change in the activity of an enzyme

a change in the proteins found in the cytosol

the release of signaling molecules from the cell

all of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

Signaling pathways have been conserved in a wide range of organisms. (T/F)

true

In many signaling pathways, once a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, the receptor becomes phosphorylated. This initial phosphorylation step best demonstrates:

either cellular response or signal transduction.

cellular response.

receptor activation.

signal transduction.

termination.

receptor activation

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on:

nothing; all hormones of the body are able to stimulate all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific.

the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.

the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path.

the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Which is the correct order for these steps in cell signaling?

receptor activation, response, signal transduction

signal transduction, receptor activation, response

response, signal transduction, termination

receptor activation, signal transduction, response

receptor activation, signal transduction, response

Refer to Animation: Cell Signaling. When cells communicate by the signaling process, one cell produces a _________________ that must be received by the ___________ on or in the responding cell.

cell division signal; plasma membrane

signaling molecule; signal receptor

hydrophilic signal; hydrophilic receptor

signaling particle; signal enzyme

nonpolar signal; nonpolar receptor

signaling molecule; signal receptor

Refer to Animation: Cell Signaling. Signal molecules that are _______ usually have their corresponding receptor ______________ of the cell.

polar; on the surface

nonpolar; on the surface

polar; in the cytoplasm

polar; on the surface

Refer to Animation: Cell Signaling. A receptor that is inside the cell would require a __________ signal molecule that can ____________________ the plasma membrane.

polar; bind to

nonpolar; bind to

nonpolar; pass through

polar; pass through

nonpolar; pass through

Must pass through plasma membrane to reach inside of the cell and must be nonpolar to pass through the plasma membrane

Refer to Animation: Cell Signaling. A _________ expresses a gene or genes that direct production of the signaling molecule, and the _______________ expresses a gene or genes that direct production of the _________________.

responding cell; receptor protein; signal protein

signaling molecule; responding cell; signaling cell

responding cell; signaling cell; receptor protein

signaling cell; responding cell; receptor protein

signaling cell; responding cell; receptor protein

Refer to Animation: Cell Signaling. One example of a cellular response to a signal is the triggering of cell division. If a mutation occurred in the gene for the signal receptor in this pathway that caused the receptor to reject binding of the signal, what response can be predicted?

The cell divides repeatedly without the signal.

The signal is not produced.

The cell does not divide.

the cell does not divide

If cell division is a cellular response to a signal, without the signal, the cell cannot divide

Mammalian steroid hormones are signaling molecules that function in which type of cell signaling?

autocrine

paracrine

endocrine

All of these choices are correct.

endocrine

Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) function in:

autocrine signaling.

paracrine signaling.

endocrine signaling.

contact-dependent signaling.

paracrine signaling

Which of the answer choices correctly lists the types of cellular communication from shortest to longest distance traveled by the signaling molecule to reach its responding cell?

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

autocrine, endocrine, paracrine

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

paracrine, autocrine, endocrine

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Signaling molecules involved in paracrine and autocrine signaling:

travel in the circulatory system.

travel by diffusion.

remain attached to the plasma membrane.

travel to diffusion

Kohler and Lipton first discovered platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) by observing that fibroblasts:

grew at the same rate in cell culture containing either blood plasma or serum.

grew better in cell culture containing blood serum containing proteins released by platelets during clotting.

grew better in cell culture blood plasma without the proteins released by platelets.

grew better in cell culture containing blood serum containing proteins released by platelets during clotting

Notch and Delta are both transmembrane proteins involved in cell communication in the developing nervous system of vertebrate animals. What makes Notch different from Delta?

Notch is a signaling molecule, and Delta is a receptor.

Notch is a receptor, and Delta is a signaling molecule.

Notch is required at higher density than Delta to alter cell fate.

All of these choices are correct.

Notch is a receptor, and Delta is a signaling molecue

Which signaling system involves the longest distance between release of a signaling molecule and activation of a receptor?

endocrine

autocrine

contact-dependent

paracrine

endocrine

In the context of cell signaling, to what does the term ligand refer?

the extracellular domain of a receptor protein

the proteins activated as part of a signal transduction pathway

a signaling molecule that binds to the receptor

a type of gated channel

a signaling molecule that binds to the receptor

How does an "activated" receptor transfer information into the cell?

through a conformational change of the receptor

by decreased phosphorylation of the receptor

by increased translation of the receptor

by altering the ligand-binding site of the receptor

through a conformational change of the receptor

What does a ligand-gated channel do?

All of these choices are correct.

It allows ions to move across the plasma membrane.

It opens a channel through the plasma membrane when signal molecules bind.

It can be closed and restrict ion flow when signal molecules are absent.

all of these choices are correct

Which type of cell-surface receptor undergoes changes in phosphorylation in response to binding of its ligand?

a ligand-gated ion channel

a receptor kinase

a G protein-coupled receptor

both the G protein-coupled receptor and the receptor kinase

a receptor kinase

Which of the answer choices would be considered a cell-surface receptor?

a protein that forms a channel that allows ions to enter the cell when a ligand binds

a protein that acts as an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to substrates

a protein that causes GDP to be exchanged for GTP in a G protein

a protein that binds a nonpolar steroid hormone and activates transcription

a protein that forms a channel that allows ions to enter the cell when a ligand binds

Key word: when a ligand binds

Which type of protein adds a phosphate group to another molecule?

phosphorylase

kinase

phosphatase

G protein

kinase

Most ligands form covalent bonds with their associated receptors, these complexes are more or less permanent and can only be broken through the hydrolysis of ATP. (T/F)

false

Ligands form noncovalent bonds.

A researcher is using a small molecule inhibitor that prevents phosphorylation as a tool to manipulate a signaling pathway. What is the most likely target of this small molecule inhibitor?

a ligand-gated ion channel

a receptor kinase

a phosphatase

a G protein-coupled receptor

a G protein α subunit

a receptor kinase

Phosphorylation occurs in receptor kinase signaling pathways.

Why do the functions of many receptor kinases depend on the fluid nature of the plasma membrane?

Phosphorylation requires a fluid membrane.

Binding of ligand to the receptor requires a fluid membrane.

The activation of enzyme pathways requires a fluid membrane.

The receptor monomers must move together and dimerize to be activated.

the receptor monomers must move together and dimerize to be activated

Why are some mutations of Ras associated with cancer?

Ras activates the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway that regulates cell division.

Ras is a type of second messenger.

Ras binds to growth factor receptors.

Ras alters ion flow across the cell membrane.

Ras activates the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway that regulates cell division

The presence of excess epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors can result in:

diminished cell division.

excessive cell division.

normal cell division.

Excessive cell division

What is the end-result of activating the MAP kinase pathway?

a change in gene expression

ion flow

synthesis of second messenger molecules

phosphorylation of multiple cytosolic proteins

a change in gene expression

The first step following platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) binding of the receptor is:

phosphorylation of the receptor.

activation of MAP kinase.

activation of gene expression.

dimerization of the receptor.

dimerization of the receptor

If two signaling pathways are activated simultaneously:

they may strengthen each other.

they may inhibit each other.

one may inhibit the other.

All of these choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

The muscle cells and nerve cells in a mouse look very different and serve very different functions in the mouse's body. These differences exist because the muscle cells and nerve cells in the mouse:

express different genes.

have different ribosomes.

have different chromosomes.

have different genes.

use different genetic codes.

copy different genes.

express different genes

Cells differentiate through:

the cell cycle.

timing.

gene regulation.

growth.

gene regulation

The fertilized egg is totipotent, which means:

it can give rise to a complete organism.

it can be removed and donated to a surrogate womb.

it only contains genetic material from the female.

it forms the membranes that surround and support the developing embryo.

the Y chromosome does not create interference to the expression of X-linked genes.

it can give rise to a complete organism

definition of totipotent

As cells differentiate, they lose their ability to become other cell types because they delete subsets of genes. (T/F)

false

As cells differentiate, they do lose their ability to become other cell types, but it is not because they delete subsets of genes. Unexpressed genes undergo irreversible repression and become more densely packed with nucleosomes.

Which pair of terms correctly matches a cell or group of cells with its ability to differentiate into different specialized cells?

mesoderm: pluripotent

endoderm: multipotent

ectoderm: totipotent

fertilized egg: multipotent

fertilized egg: pluripotent

endoderm: multipotent

Endoderm is one of the 3 germ layers => further differentiation through multipotent cells

After a signal binds to a signal receptor, the next step is transduction. Why is the signal transduction step necessary?

The more molecules that share the responsibility of passing the signal to activate the effector the more quickly and efficiently the message can spread.

Transmission of the signal through multiple relay molecules before activating an effector is not efficient.

The signal transduction pathway is not necessary since the signal can directly activate the effector.

The efficiency increases when less molecules share the responsibility of moving the signal from one molecule to the next to activate the effector.

the more molecules that share the responsibility of passing the signal to activate the effector the more quickly and efficiently the message can spread

Cellular differentiation progressively restricts cell fate because the unexpressed genes in the cell:

Select all that apply.

are deleted from the genome.

accumulate point mutations.

undergo irreversible repression.

become more densely packed with nucleosomes.

accumulate near the centromeres.

undergo irreversible repression and become more densely packed with nucleosomes

Which of the choices is the diffusible extracellular element in the process of vulval cell differentiation in C. elegans?

the EGF receptor

the EGF ligand

the Notch ligand

the Notch receptor

the EGF ligand

Ligands, or the signal molecules, are the only things that are diffusible in the cell differentiation process

Signal transduction in development is often amplified by:

sequential phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm.

histone modification in chromosomes.

opening and closing of nuclear pores.

methylation of the target cell's DNA.

sequential phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm

Signal transduction is the process by which:

a specific combination of transcription factors determines the developmental pathway in a cell or group of cells.

None of the other answer options are correct.

transcription factors bind to cis-regulatory regions of DNA and either activate or repress transcription.

a single master gene, or signal, activates a series of downstream genes that lead to cell differentiation.

an extracellular molecule activates a membrane protein, which in turn activates molecules inside the cell.

an extracellular molecule activates a membrane protein, which in turn activates molecules inside the cell

The extracellular matrix is:

a network of proteins and polysaccharides inside the cell that keep organelles in place.

a network of channel proteins found in the cellular membrane that allow for communication.

a network of proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell that play a role in structural support.

a network of proteins found in the cellular membrane that allow for substances to enter the cell.

a network of proteins and polysaccharides outside of cell that play a role in structural support

A pathologist is carrying out an autopsy. Upon opening the chest cavity, the pathologist sees a thick, fibrous tissue surrounding the heart. This is likely:

neural tissue.

epithelial tissue.

connective tissue.

muscle tissue.

connective tissue

Key words: thick, fibrous tissue

An epithelial tissue is defined as:

a few cells embedded into an extensive extracellular matrix.

a network of cells that use chemical communication.

a collection of cells that lines cavities or outside surfaces.

a collection of contractile cells.

a collection of cells that lines cavities or outside surfaces

The basal lamina is:

an area found beneath all connective tissues that helps them adhere to underlying muscle.

a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found only in the skin.

an area found wherever two different types of tissues meet.

a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues.

a specialized form of extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues

This tissue type can perform absorption or secretion in the body.

nervous tissue

epithelial tissue

muscle tissue

connective tissue

epithelial tissue

This tissue type is made up of cells that can contract.

connective tissue

nervous tissue

muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

muscle tissue

Refer to Animation: Motor Proteins. Contraction of muscles is an example of how the motor protein _______ interacts with the cytoskeletal elements called _____________ to produce movement.

kinesin; microtubules

actin; dynein

myosin; actin filaments

dynein; microtubules

myosin; dynein

myosin; actin filaments

Refer to Animation: Motor Proteins. In the image of a microtubule shown here, the plus and minus ends are labeled. If the motor protein shown is dynein, what can you say about the direction in which the vesicle is being carried?

The direction cannot be determined from the data provided.

It can go in either direction on microtubules.

It is going toward the minus.

It is going toward the plus.

It is going toward the minus

Dynein carries the vesicle toward the minus end of the microtubule

Refer to Animation: Motor Proteins. If the vesicle being carried in the figure (in an animal cell) contains content that is to be excreted from the cell at the plasma membrane, it is probably being transported toward the __________ by the motor protein ____________.

toward the minus; kinesin

toward the plus; kinesin

toward the plus; dynein

toward the minus; dynein

toward the plus; kinesin

Refer to Animation: Microtubules. Microtubules form from dimers of _____ and ______ subunits that polymerize into a ____________.

+tubulin; -tubulin; double helix

beta-tubulin; gamma-tubulin; beta sheet

an amino acid; phosphate; double helix

alpha-tubulin; beta-tubulin; hollow tube

alpha-tubulin; beta-tubulin; hollow tube

Refer to Animation: Microtubules. Microtubules are __________ because they __________ and depolymerize at their ends.

dynamic; hydrolyze

stable; polymerize

unstable; hydrolyze

dynamic; polymerize

dynamic; polymerize

Refer to Animation: Microtubules. The ability of microtubules to undergo rapid ___________ and slower ____________ is associated with the ability of the ______________ to explore the cell and locate chromosomes.

synthesis; hydrolysis; microtubules

synthesis; hydrolysis; cytoskeleton elements

polymerization; depolymerization; microtubules

depolymerization; polymerization; spindle apparatus

depolymerization; polymerization; spindle apparatus

Refer to Animation: Microtubules. Microtubules can grow by addition of tubulin dimers to _______________, and they can shorten by removal of dimers from ______________.

the minus end; the plus end

both plus and minus ends; the minus end

the plus end; both plus and minus ends

the plus end; the minus end

both plus and minus ends; both plus and minus ends

both plus and minus ends; both plus and minus ends

Refer to Animation: Microtubules. The plus ends of both microtubules and microfilaments differentiate from the minus ends:

in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added more quickly.

in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added rather than removed.

in that the end that always grows in the direction the cell is moving.

in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added more quickly

Refer to Animation: Actin Filaments. Microfilaments are composed of ____________ in ____________ arrangement.

repeating actin subunits; a thin double-helix

polymers of tubulin; a double-helix

polymers of actin protein; a hollow tube-like

alpha and beta dimer subunits; a double-helix

repeating actin subunits; a thin double helix

Refer to Animation: Actin Filaments. Microfilaments help a cell ____________________

separate chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis.

strengthen the plasma membrane.

maintain its size and shape.

maintain its size and shape

Refer to Animation: Actin Filaments. Which would be more likely to cause development of a microvillus on an intestinal epithelial cell?

minus end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus and shrinkage at the plus (+) end

plus (+) end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus but no shrinkage at the minus (-) end

plus (+) end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus and shrinkage at the minus (-) end

plus (+) end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus but no shrinkage at the minus (-) end

Microvillus: outward projection of some cell surfaces => growth but no shrinkage

Refer to Animation: Actin Filaments. Which best describes a role that microfilaments play in the structure and function of red blood cells?

They provide a track for directing O2 to the proper cellular locations.

They maintain the biconcave shape to maximize gas exchange.

They anchor and orient the O2-bearing hemoglobin protein molecules.

they maintain the biconcave shape to maximize gas exchange

Microfilaments help maintain shape

Which statement about intracellular transport is true?

Kinesin moves substances along microfilaments.

Kinesin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.

Kinesin and myosin move substances along microtubules.

Kinesin and dynein move substances along microtubules.

kinesin and dynein move substances along microtubules

Kinesin and dynein = microtubules

Myosin = microfilaments

Dynamic instability is a:

feature of microtubules and microfilaments.

feature of intermediate filaments.

universal feature of the cytoskeleton.

feature of microfilaments.

feature of microtubules.

feature of microtubules

Definition of dynamic instability: plus ends undergo seemingly random cycles of rapid depolymerization followed by slower polymerization. Both microtubules and microfilaments are dynamic, but this feature is exclusive to microtubules

What is the best characterization of the minus end of a dynamic filament?

It lengthens quickly but can also lose its subunits quickly.

It loses subunits quickly.

It lengthens more slowly than the plus end.

It lengthens more quickly than the plus end.

It lengthens more slowly than the plus end

Could melanin granules be moved by dynein and kinesin along an actin microfilament?

Yes, motor proteins all use ATP to cause a conformation change.

No, these motor proteins are specific to microtubules and cannot move along microfilaments.

Yes, melanin granules would be moved by these motor proteins along microfilaments.

no, these motor proteins are specific to microtubules and cannot move along microfilaments

Motor proteins cause movement by:

undergoing a conformational change.

binding to the cytoskeleton.

harnessing energy from ATP.

All of these choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

Myosin is a motor protein that associates with:

vimentin.

microfilaments.

microtubules.

intermediate filaments.

microfilaments

Intermediate filaments:

play an important role in preventing skin from tearing by shear stress.

play an important role in maintaining cell shape.

undergo little change in length in comparison to microtubules and microfilaments.

have a diameter that is larger than a microfilament, but smaller than a microtubule.

All of these choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

In skin, the cells of the epidermis connect to the basal lamina through cellular junctions known as hemidesmosomes. Select the cytoskeletal element that helps maintain the integrity of this connection.

intermediate filaments

both intermediate microtubules and microfilaments

microfilaments only

microtubules only

intermediate filaments

Cadherins are:

cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions.

proteins that provide a pathway for molecules to move between cells.

proteins involved in attachment of cells to the basal lamina.

proteins involved in attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix.

cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions

Gap junctions and plasmodesmata have what feature in common?

They both allow direct transport of materials between cells.

They are both found in plant cells.

They both are made up of protein subunits located in the plasma membrane.

They both attach to the cytoskeleton.

they both allow direct transport of materials between cells

Gap junctions are found in animal cells and plasmodesmata are found in plant cells

Which of the cell junctions is involved in creating a barrier between cells?

tight junction

adherens junction

desmosome

tight junction

Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal element(s)?

microtubules only

both intermediate filaments and microfilaments

intermediate filaments only

microfilaments only

both intermediate filaments and microfilaments

Cadherins bind to adherens junction and desmosomes which are supported by microfilaments and intermediate filaments respectively

The strength of collagen comes from:

its ability to bind to polysaccharide molecules.

its triple helical structure and bundling, as well as its amino acid sequence.

its amino acid sequence.

its triple helical structure and bundling.

its triple helical structure and bundling

How do cells connect to the extracellular matrix?

through gap junctions

through cadherins

through tight junctions

through integrins

through integrins

The extracellular matrix is particularly important for which type of tissue?

muscle

epithelial

connective

nervous

connective

The most likely reason(s) a metastatic tumor cell might lose its connection to the basal lamina would be:

a change in connexins disrupting gap junctions.

a change in the cadherin proteins on the cell surface.

a change in the integrin proteins from the cell's surface.

All of these choices are correct.

a change in the integrin proteins from the cell's surface

Integrins function in adhesion of cells to the basal lamina. Cancer cells can alter expression of integrins and can release enzymes that modify the composition of the basal lamina.

___________ is a component of the extracellular matrix produced by an animal cell.

Cellulose

Cadherin

Collagen

All of these choices are correct.

collagen

The basal lamina is:

a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found only in the skin.

an area found wherever two different types of tissues meet.

a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues.

an area found beneath all connective tissues that helps them adhere to underlying muscle.

a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues

Which statement is true?

All animals have a nervous system.

All animals have a nervous system and sense and respond to the environment, and it is necessary to have a nervous system to sense and respond to the environment.

It is necessary to have a nervous system to sense and respond to the environment.

All animals have a nervous system to sense and respond to the environment, but not all animals sense and respond to the environment.

All animals sense and respond to the environment.

all animals sense and respond to the environment

Sensory neurons are involved in all of the processes except:

taste.

hearing.

vision.

muscle contraction.

muscle contraction

Muscle contraction is stimulated by motor neurons

Although animal nervous systems differ in complexity, their nerve cells are still remarkably similar. (T/F)

true

Which function is NOT a role of an interneuron?

maintaining homeostasis

relaying information from sensory to motor neurons

stimulating a muscle to contract

conveying information within the internal environment of an animal

stimulating a muscle to contract

Which statement is true regarding sea anemones?

None of the other answer options is correct.

Although sea anemones lack definitive brains, they do possess ganglia that serve a similar function to the paired ganglia of flatworms.

Although sea anemones possess "net-like" nervous systems, these animals have brains located at their bases (near where they would attach to rocks).

Sponges, not sea anemones, possess what is considered to be the "simplest" nervous system found in animals.

Because sea anemones are "simple" organisms, these animals only possess motor neurons; sensory neurons or interneurons are never found in sea anemones.

none of the other answer options is correct

When an environmental stimulus is received, the signal is usually transmitted through three types of nerve cells. In which order is the signal transmitted through these cells?

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

Refer to Animation: The Knee-Jerk Reflex. The interneuron in the spinal cord triggers which answer choice?

an inhibitory stimulus that prevents contraction of the knee extensor muscles

a stimulatory stimulus that prevents contraction of the knee extensor muscles

an inhibitory stimulus that prevents contraction of the knee flexor muscles

a stimulatory stimulus that prevents contraction of the knee flexor muscles

an inhibitory stimulus that prevents contraction of the knee flexor muscles

Interneurons provide an inhibitory stimulus that prevents contraction of the flexor muscles

Refer to Animation: The Knee-Jerk Reflex. How many synapses in total are involved in the knee-jerk reflex?

2

3

1

4

3

Refer to Animation: The Knee-Jerk Reflex. How many synapses are involved in the contraction of the knee extensor muscles in the knee-jerk reflex?

2

3

1

4

1

Refer to Animation: The Knee-Jerk Reflex. Which answer choice is inhibited following a tap of a physician's reflex hammer just below the knee cap?

motor neurons of the knee flexor muscles

sensory neurons of the knee extensor muscles

sensory neurons of the knee flexor muscles

motor neurons of the knee extensor muscles

motor neurons of the knee flexor muscles

interneurons send out an inhibitory stimulus that prevents the contraction (movement) of the knee flexor muscles

Refer to Animation: The Knee-Jerk Reflex. Stretch receptors in the knee extensor muscles stimulated by the tap of a physician's reflex hammer just below the knee cap directly triggers a nerve impulse in which answer choice?

a motor neuron

the patellar tendon

an interneuron

a sensory neuron

a sensory neuron

Which set of terms belong together?

involuntary, somatic, parasympathetic

voluntary, autonomic, parasympathetic

voluntary, somatic, sympathetic

involuntary, autonomic, sympathetic

involuntary, automatic, sympathetic

All neurons have either a sensory or a motor function. (T/F)

false

there are also interneurons that relay the signal from sensory neurons

Body functions such as heart rate, blood flow, and digestion are controlled by the:

voluntary nervous system.

autonomic nervous system.

somatic nervous system.

automatic nervous system

Inhibition of the flexor muscle during the knee-extension reflex is an example of:

reciprocal inhibition.

homeostasis.

All of these choices are correct.

negative feedback.

reciprocal inhibition

Which portion of the forebrain regulates the endocrine system and body temperature?

hypothalamus

thalamus

cerebrum

limbic system

hypothalamus

The signal to "rest and digest" comes from the:

parasympathetic system.

peripheral system.

sympathetic system.

somatic system.

parasympathetic system

Which region of the brain is larger in humans and primates than in other vertebrates?

cerebral cortex

midbrain

forebrain

cerebellum

cerebral cortex