APUSH Unit 4 Key Terms and Names

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Embargo Act

Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.

War Hawks

Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810.

Nullification

A constitutional doctrine holding that a state has a legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders.

Battle of New Orleans

Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British troops in January 1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley.

War of 1812

War fought between the United States and Britain from June 1812 to January 1815, largely over British restrictions on American shipping.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812.

Monroe Doctrine

Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations.

Missouri Compromise

Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory.

Black Codes

Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War.

Denmark Vesey (Denmark Vesey's conspiracy)

The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston in 1822 and escape to freedom in Haiti, a free black republic, but they were betrayed by other slaves, and seventy-five conspirators were executed.

Gabriel's Rebellion

Slave revolt that failed when Gabriel Prosser, a slave preacher and blacksmith, organized a thousand slaves for an attack on Richmond, Virginia, in 1800.

Nat Turner's Revolt

Uprising of slaves in Southampton Country, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 led by Nat Turner that resulted in the death of fifty-five white people.

Underground Railroad

A network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century enslaved people of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival among black and white Southerners in the 1790s.

Yeoman

Independent farmers of the South, most of whom lived on family-sized farms.

Nullification Crisis

Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law.

Indian Removal Act

President Andrew Jackson's measure that allowed state officials to override federal protection of Native American.

Black Hawk

1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk.

Trail of Tears

The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West.

Bank Wars

The political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the United States.

Specie Circular

Proclamation issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 stipulating that only gold or silver could be used as payment for public land.

Market Revolution

The outcome of three interrelated developments: rapid improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization.

American System

The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. Also a technique of production pioneered in the United States that relied on precision manufacturing with the use of interchangeable parts.

Declaration of Sentiments

The resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 calling for full female equality, including the right to vote.

Temperance

Reform movement originating in the 1820s that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol.

Shakers

The followers of Mother Ann Lee, who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living.

American Colonization Society

An organization, founded in 1817 by antislavery reformers, that called for gradual emancipation and the removal of freed blacks to Africa.

Liberty Party

The first antislavery political party, formed in 1840.

Tammany Society

A fraternal organization of artisans begun in the 1780s that evolved into a key organization of the new mass politics in New York City.

Louis and Clark

American explorers who traveled into the Louisiana Purhcase (before it was bought) with the help of Sacagewea, mapping the land and documenting their findings from 1804 to 1806.

Quids

Old Democratic-Republicans; didn’t like the direction the DR party was heading

Impressment

The act of forcibly recruiting individuals into military service, particularly practiced by the British navy against American sailors in the early 19th century.

Non-intercourse Act of 1809

A law that lifted the embargo on trade with all nations except Britain and France, aimed at protecting American interests while maintaining neutrality.

Macron’s Bill No.2

1810 - Said that if either Britain or France accept US neutrality first would be able to trade with the US

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 - To defend Shawnee lands, Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatana fought against the encroaching General William Henry Harrison; American win

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in fear of British manufacturers taking away American manufacturers business

Stono’s rebellion

A group of enslaved people revolted and fought against their owners in South Carolina in 1739, leading to stricter slave laws.