diabetes and renal

Flashcards for exam review

Hematemesis

Vomiting blood, which may be indicative of GI hemorrhage.

NSAIDs

Should be avoided as they irritate the lining of the stomach.

Type I Diabetes

An autoimmune process where insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed, leading to a lack of insulin.

Type II Diabetes

Characterized by defects at the cell membrane which prevent the normal action of insulin. Insulin resistance develops requiring increased levels of insulin in order to drive glucose into cells.

Rapid Acting Insulin

Onset: 15 min. Peak: 1-3 hrs. Duration: 3-5hours. Examples: Humalog (insulin lispro), Apidra (insulin glulisine), NovoLog (insulin aspart).

Short Acting Insulin

Onset: 30 min. Peak: 1 1/2-3 1/2 hrs. Duration: 8 hrs. Example: Humulin R (regular insulin).

Intermediate Acting Insulin

Onset: 1-1 1/2 hrs. Peak: 4-12 hrs. Duration: Up to 24 hrs. Example: Humulin N (NPH insulin).

Long Acting Insulin

Onset: 3-6 hrs. Peak: Constant. Duration: 24 hrs. Examples: Lantus (insulin glargine), Levemir (insulin detemir).

Biguanides

Increases insulin sensitivity. Example: Metformin.

Sulfonylureas

Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin. Examples: Glyburide, glipizide.

Meglitinides

Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin. Example: Repaglinide.

Stress Incontinence

Urine leakage during laughing, coughing, lifting, or exercising.

Urge Incontinence

A strong urge to urinate followed by uncontrolled leakage.

Overflow Incontinence

Frequent urination due to flaccid/enlarged bladder due to obstruction (enlarged prostate), spinal cord injury, stroke, diabetes, neuro diseases.

Functional Incontinence

Patient continent but environmental factors lead to loss of urine at inappropriate times.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra.

E. coli

Most common cause of uncomplicated UTIs.

Colporrhaphy

Surgical intervention used for pelvic organ prolapse.

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal parenchyma and urinary collecting system, often a complication of an untreated UTI.

Ischemic Stroke

Occlusion of an artery either by an embolus or a thrombus.

Thrombotic Stroke

Associated with atherosclerosis; plaque builds up inside the artery obstructing blood flow.

Embolic Stroke

An embolus or group of emboli breaks off from one area of the body and travels to the brain.

TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack)

Also known as the silent stroke. Sudden onset, lasts between a few minutes to 24 hours.

RIND (Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit)

Sudden onset, lasts between 24 hours to 1 week.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Bleeding in the brain, often due to aneurysm rupture or uncontrolled hypertension.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Bleeding within the brain tissue.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, typically from a ruptured aneurysm.

Cerebral Aneurysm

A ballooning of a blood vessel in the brain.

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

A tangled cluster of abnormal blood vessels in the brain.

ABCD2 Score

A