Electrochemistry Memorization

Nitrogen

• found in explosives, fertilizers, and as an oxide (laughing gas, viagra, smog, preservatives)

• Can assume many ox states (-3 to +5)

Phosphorus

• found in soaps, toothpaste, fertilizer, pesticide

• can cause algae bloom

• discouraged use for environmental reasons

• Extracted from Ca₃(PO₄)₂ rock

• phosphate is the backbone in nucleic acids like DNA

H₂SO₄

• strong acid, oxidizing agent, dehydrating agent

• chemical manufactured in the largest quantities thru the clause and contact processes

• involved in extracting phosphate from rock, paper production, reactant in producing other important chemicals

Halides

• small radii

• hi ionazation energy

• hi electronegativity

• form -1 anions

• acidic oxides and hydrides

Fluoride (F^-)

inserts instead of OH^- into tooth enamel to protect from decay

Chlorine (Cl₂)

• used in disinfection and sanitation and making PVC tubing

• strong oxidizing agent

Noble Gases

• used as cryogens, inert gases, and lights

• 2 or 8 electrons in filled shells

claus

2 step oxidation, H2S —> S

contact

4 step oxidation, sulfur —> H2SO4

Primary

single use batteries

secondary

• build to minimize liquid/gas production to better contain the reaction for recharching

  • minimize corrosion

• rechargable/reversible, environmentally superior, convenient

alkaline

primary, household

Zn-Hg, Zn-air

primary, hearing aids

Li-ion

secondary, electronics/cars

lead-acid

secondary, cars

NiCd

secondary, household

NiMH

secondary, household

galvanization (prevent rust)

Zn

Sacrificial electrodes (prevent rust)

Mg, Al

Stainless steel (prevent rust)

add Cr and V to Fe

Waxes and coating (prevent rust)

easier to oxidize than iron

Hi atom economy

fewer atoms go to waste

low atom economy

more atoms wasted

wet method

uses H2SO4 to solubize phosphate in rocks (Ca10(PO4)3F2 —> H3PO4)

Oxidizing agent

oxidizes a species by BECOMING reduced

reducing agent

reduces a species by BECOMING oxidized

easier to reduce/harder to oxidize (more +Eºred)

higher up reduction potentials table

easier to oxidize/harder to reduce (more +Eºox)

lower down reduction potentials table

• find O deficient

• add same # H2O to deficient side

• add double amt H+ to other side

balancing in acid

• find O deficient

• add same # H2O to OPPOSITE (non-deficient) side

• add double amt OH- to deficient side

balancing in base

-∆G, K>1, +E, +cathode, -anode

battery, voltaic, galvanic

+∆G, K<1, -E, -cathode, +anode

electrolytic, electrolysis

Cu, Pt, Au, Ag

coinage metals

__ has replaced __ as the rechargeable household battery

NiMH, NiCd