BLOOD

BLOOD

is a special type of body fluid that circulates through your blood vessels. It’s made up of cells floating in a liquid called plasma

BLOOD PLASMA

is the liquid part of the blood, colorless fluid. 90% of it is water

inorganic salts

Sodium, phosphates, potassium, bicarbonates, calcium, iodine, magnesium, iron, chlorides, copper

Blood proteins

• Albumin 

• Fibrinogen 

• Globulins – antibodies

Digested food products

• Amino acids from proteins 

• Glucose from carbohydrates 

• Sugars and starches 

• Fatty acids, glycerine from lipids (fats)

Hormones from the endocrine glands

• Pituitary gland 

• Thyroid gland 

• Parathyroid gland 

• Pancreas 

• Suprarenal glands 

• Gonads

Leucocytosis or leukocytosis

an increase in the number of leukocytes in the circulating blood

Leucopenia

a decrease in the number of leucocytes in the circulating blood

Agranulocytosis

• an absence or marked decrease in the number of leucocytes in circulating blood.

coagulation of blood

• to arrest hemorrhage by plugging blood vessels

Blood platelets

Function in blood clotting, liberate thromboplastin or similar substances, and clump to plug ruptured.

Hemoglobin

Is an iron protein compound in RBC that unites readily with oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin for transportation of oxygen to body tissues.

Leukocytes 

• Circulating in plasma, destroy microorganisms resulting from infection, remove injured and dead tissue following injury or infection, and help to form blood clots. 

Lymphocytes

function in immunization

Red blood cells

• Contain hemoglobin for transportation of oxygen, and some carbon dioxide 

blood plasma

• water for body tissues and cells, to provide a solvent in which digested food products, blood proteins, minerals, gases, vitamins, hormones, and waste products are dissolved, for transportation. 

• A medium in which blood cells may circulate throughout the body.

blood clotting procedure

• Following an injury, the injured tissue cells liberate thromboplastin at the site of injury. Platelets may also give similar substance. 

• Thromboplastin thus freed comes into contact with the spilled blood and converts the prothrombin dissolved in it to thrombin. 

• Thrombin + calcium + fibrinogen form fibrin. Fibrin consists of fine threads precipitated from the dissolved fibrinogen

• Brings oxygen and nutrients to cells 

• Removes carbon dioxide and waste 

• Delivers hormones to organs 

• Fights infection 

• Helps wounds heal 

function of blood and why is it important

BLOOD PLATELETS OR THROMBOCYTES

• Small irregular fragments of cells that are formed in the bone marrow. 

• Concerned with the blood clotting.

• 200,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm of blood and appear as minute stained particles in blood smears.

Fibrinogen

• a blood protein, formed in the liver, circulates in solution in blood plasma. 

Prothrombin

 is an enzyme formed in the liver, and circulates in solution in the blood plasma

Thromboplastin

or thrombokinase does not circulate in the plasma but is present in tissue cells

heparin

•  or antithrombin – is present in the liver and some other organs and dissolved in plasma. It acts to prevent blood from clotting within the blood vessels.

LEUKOCYTES

• The leukocytes defend the body from bacterial infections. 

• Leukocytes help repair damaged tissues by a process of phagocytosis. 

• They also aid in the clotting of blood

• Eosinophils are increased in number in asthma and some parasitic diseases. 

• Lymphocytes are responsible for the development of immunity, the production of antibodies, gamma globulin, etc.

DEREVATIVES OF TERMS

• Cytos, kytos = a cell 

• Erythros = red 

• Leukos, leuco = white 

• Corpus = body 

• Corpuscle, corpusculus = little body 

• Erythrocyte 

• Leukocyte

• Red blood cells or erythrocytes 

• White blood cell, leukocytes 

the blood cells:

• Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear) 

• Eosinophils 

• Basophils 

Granulocytes

• Lymphocytes 

• Monocytes 

Agranulocytes or nongranulocytes

Red blood cells or corpuscles – erythrocytes

• Disc shaped cells, concave on both surfaces when viewed on edge. They are formed in the bone marrow. 

• 7 microns in diameter

4,500,000 to 6 million rbc per cubic mm of blood

hemoglobin

• a compound of iron and a protein and forms in red blood cells during their development. 

oxyhemoglobin

 transports oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues and cells. They also transport some carbon dioxide from body tissues to the lungs for elimination.

White blood cells: Leukocytes or leucocytes

6,000 to 10,000 cells per cubic mm of blood

Neutrophils

60% to 70% of the leukocytes. Fine granules. Stain lilac, not red or blue. The cell nucleus has from 2 to 5 lobes joined together by narrow strands.

—> Polymorphonuclear

Eosinophils

medium sized granules. Stain red with an acid dye such as eosin. 2% to 3% of all leukocytes

Basophils

• coarse granules. 1% of the leukocytes. Stain blue with a basic dye such as methylene blue.

Lymphocyte

single large nucleus and stains reddish blue. 25% of all leukocytes.

Monocytes

(mononuclear). Have a single rounded or kidney shaped nucleus that stains reddish purple