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Race
Socially constructed concept with social consequences
Racialization
The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences
Melanin
A pigment in skin that determine the skin's shade
Ethnicity
Shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more
Miscegenation
The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation
Minority group:
A definable category of people who are socially disadvantaged
Majority group
A definable category of peoplewho are socially advantaged
2 components of minority group
Stigma
An attribute that assigns negative characteristics that do not exist to a person or group (societys label)
Stereotypes
Oversimplified ideas about groups of people (positive vs. negative stereotypes)
Prejudice
A negative judgment about a person or group, long-lasting and not based on fact (ecological fallacy and exceptional fallacy) (you thinking)
Discrimination
Action that deny or grant advantages to member of a particular group
Individual discrimination
Occurs when an individual advantages or disadvantages another because of that person's group membership
Direct institution discrimination
Occurs when an institution employs policies and practices that are discrimination against a person or group
Indirect institutional discrimination:
When individuals are treated differently based on unlawful criteria , even thought this action was never intended to be discriminatory
White Privilege
The benefits people receive simply by being partof the dominant group
Racism
A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others (individual racism and institutional racism)
Democratic racism
A system that advocates equality but, in fact, continues minority differentiation and oppression
Institutional racism
A society that is built on a discriminatory foundation as part of state policies implementation on a different group of people
Canadian history of Institutional racism
1763 - Royal Proclamation of 1763
1876 - Indian Act of 1876 (civilizing policy)
19th century - residential schools
Settler society (Race and ethnicity in Canada: Indigenous People)
A society historically based on colonization through foreignsettlement and displacement of Aboriginal inhabitants
The four stages of colonialism (Race and ethnicity in Canada: Indigenous People)
(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Black Canadian)
1834 and the Abolition of slavery act
Underground railroad
(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Chinese Canadian)
Canadian Pacific Railway
Chinese worker was valued as 1/3 to 1/4 of otherworkers
(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Japanese Canadian)
1887 -> Issei were the first wave of Japanese immigrant
1907 -> migration policy change for Japanese immigrant
(Race and ethnicity in Canada: South Asia)
1904 -> the first south Asian, who were only Indian Sikh
1908 -> the second wave of south Asian migration (90% Indian Sikh)
(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Asian Canada)
Model minority (Race and ethnicity in Canada: Asian Canada)
The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protesting the majority establishment
Genocide
The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group
Expulsion
When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country. (Holocaust, Colonization of North America (Cultural genocide), Darfur region of Sudan, Rohingyas in Myanmar
Segregation
The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions
De jure segregation
Segregation that is legally introduced and enforced
De facto segregation
Segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors
Assimilation
The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture
4 criteria of assimilation
Integration
When different groups come together and shape society. It is the process by which minority groups become part of mainstream society to create a cohesive experience
Multiculturalism
The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures (Multicultural Act of 1988)
Kymlicka's three methods of multicultural group-specific rights
Hybridity
The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices
Scapegoat theory (Social Psychology)
A theory stating that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group
Authoritative personality theory (Social Psychology)
Prejudice is a personal trait of people who strongly believe in following cultural norms, traditions and values
Culture theory (Sociocultural theory)
The assertion that some prejudice is healthy and part ofculture
Social distance (Sociocultural theory)
The Relative distance people feel between themselves and other racial/ethnic minorities
Culture of prejudice (Sociocultural theory)
A value system that promotes prejudice, discrimination, and oppression
(Functionalism theory)
Function of racial hierarchy
The eventual dysfunction of theracial hierarchy
Construction of ethnic and racialgroup
Critical Race Theory (Critical theory)
An interdisciplinary approach that investigates the intersection of race, class, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality to explain prejudice and discrimination
Post-colonialism (Critical theory)
The colonial past of a nation shapes the social, political and economic experience of the colonized country
Intersectionality Theory (Critical theory)
Inability to separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes
Intersectionality
Symbolic Interactionism
Herbert Blumer and the construction of a prejudiced culture
4 feelings experienced by the dominant group are:
-> 1. A feeling of superiority
-> 2. A feeling that the subordinate race is intrinsically different and alien
-> 3. A feeling of proprietary claim to certain areas of privilege and advantage
-> 4. A fear and suspicion that the subordinate race harbours designs on the prerogatives of the dominant race (Blumer 1958)
Sex
The physical or physiological differences between female, male, and others
Gender
Social and cultural distinction that relates to the diversity of femininity and masculinity
Cisgendered
Individuals whose gender identity matches the gender assigned at birth
Transgendered
Transphobia
Discrimination directed toward transgender individuals
Gender role
Society's concept of how women and men should behave
Hegemonic Masculinity
The normative ideal of dominant masculinity
Emphasized femininity
The normative ideal of femininity based on a woman's compliance with their subordination to men
Patriarchy
Set of institutional structures which are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories
Gender stereotypes
Overgeneralization of gender characteristics
Sexism
The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another
Gender and Socialization
Family
Women in female dominated occupations
2016 data = 96% of early childhood educators, 92% of registered nurses, 89%of home support workers, 99% of dental assistant
2024 data = Women earn $0.84 for every dollar a man makes
Four reasons for the gender gap
Intersectionality
The simultaneous influence of multiple social relations, including race, gender, ethnicity, and class
Stratification
A system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources
Structural functionalism
Conflict Theory
Feminist Theory
Bifurcated consciousness (Feminist Theory)
The experience of a division between the directly lived, bodily world of women's lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt.
Symbolic interactionism
Post Structuralist theories
Sexuality identity
Our sense of self asa sexual being, our sense of attraction to potential others, our knowledge of our bodies, our sexual history, and our sexual preference
2SLGBTQ+ rights in Canada
Sex and sexuality
Sexual double standard
A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men
Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)
6 point scale
Homophobia
An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals
Sexual double standards
Sexuality-aggressive men vs.gatekeeping women
Stud vs. Slut
Slut Walk - the ethical slut
Racialized sexual doublestandard
Rape Culture
Normalization of rape as a part of double standards of gender and sexuality
FRIES consent
Structural functionalism
Commodification of sexuality
The process where sexuality is treated as goods and services available for exchange
Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
Sexuality in relation to knowledge and power
Micro power (Michel Foucault)
Using sexual practice to put surveillance on the entire population
Heteronormative
The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation
Cis-normative
The belief that gender dichotomy is theonly normal form of gender expression
Sexual script (symbolic interactionism)
Cultural expectations about appropriate sexuality that are learned through social interactions
Coming out process
Discourse of sexuality (post-structural theory)
Socially constructed and taken for granted meaning regarding sexuality
Queer Theory
Social stratification
Hierarchical ranking of people into social classes
Equality of condition
A situation in which everyone in a society has a similar level of wealth, status, and power
Equality of opportunity
A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards
Meritocracy
An ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing
Social inequality
unequal distribution of socially valued resources based on various attributes
Classism
An ideology that suggests that people's relative worth in society is at least partly determined by their social and economic status
Blaming the victim = Holding individuals responsible for the undesirable conditions of their lives (culture of poverty, deferred gratification)
Blame the system = holding the system accountable for systematic discrimination existing within the social system
Achieved status (open system of stratification)
A status received through individual effort or merits(e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)
Ascribed status (closed system of stratification)
A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)
Caste system (closed system of stratification)
A system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives