SOC FINAL EXAM FLASH CARDS

Race

Socially constructed concept with social consequences

Racialization

The social process by which certain social groups are marked for unequal treatment based on perceived physiological differences

Melanin

A pigment in skin that determine the skin's shade

Ethnicity

Shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

Miscegenation

The blending of different racialized groups through sexual relations, procreation, marriage, or cohabitation

Minority group:

A definable category of people who are socially disadvantaged

Majority group

A definable category of peoplewho are socially advantaged

2 components of minority group

1. Lack of social power
2. Distinct definable character from the majority group

Stigma

An attribute that assigns negative characteristics that do not exist to a person or group (societys label)

Stereotypes

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people (positive vs. negative stereotypes)

Prejudice

A negative judgment about a person or group, long-lasting and not based on fact (ecological fallacy and exceptional fallacy) (you thinking)

Discrimination

Action that deny or grant advantages to member of a particular group

Individual discrimination

Occurs when an individual advantages or disadvantages another because of that person's group membership

Direct institution discrimination

Occurs when an institution employs policies and practices that are discrimination against a person or group

Indirect institutional discrimination:

When individuals are treated differently based on unlawful criteria , even thought this action was never intended to be discriminatory

White Privilege

The benefits people receive simply by being partof the dominant group

Racism

A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others (individual racism and institutional racism)

Democratic racism

A system that advocates equality but, in fact, continues minority differentiation and oppression

Institutional racism

A society that is built on a discriminatory foundation as part of state policies implementation on a different group of people

Canadian history of Institutional racism

1763 - Royal Proclamation of 1763
1876 - Indian Act of 1876 (civilizing policy)
19th century - residential schools

Settler society (Race and ethnicity in Canada: Indigenous People)

A society historically based on colonization through foreignsettlement and displacement of Aboriginal inhabitants

The four stages of colonialism (Race and ethnicity in Canada: Indigenous People)

1. Mutual relationship
2. Economic reliance on the colonial economy and loss of autonomy
3. Establishment of reserves
4. Political mobilization and resistance

(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Black Canadian)

1834 and the Abolition of slavery act
Underground railroad

• Nova Scotia
• Africville
  Immigration reform
• Introduction of work visa
• Seasonal agricultural worker
• Domestic worker program
  Equal but separated
• Residential segregation
• Occupation segregation
  Black people in BC
• City counsellor Mifflin Gibbs (1823-1915)
• Denial of access to white only events

(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Chinese Canadian)

Canadian Pacific Railway
Chinese worker was valued as 1/3 to 1/4 of otherworkers

(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Japanese Canadian)

1887 -> Issei were the first wave of Japanese immigrant
1907 -> migration policy change for Japanese immigrant

• Immigration restriction on Japanese men
• Eventual family reunion

(Race and ethnicity in Canada: South Asia)

1904 -> the first south Asian, who were only Indian Sikh
1908 -> the second wave of south Asian migration (90% Indian Sikh)

(Race and ethnicity in Canada: Asian Canada)

• Orientalist stereotypes and lack of suitability to be Canadian citizens
• "Unfit for full citizenship. They are so nearly allied to aservile class that they are obnoxious to a free community and dangerous to the state" (CBC, 2001)
• Chinese head tax (1885-1923)
• Japanese internment camps (1941-1949)
• South Asia's $200 financial assets and direct ticket fromIndia (Komagata Maru in 1914)

Model minority (Race and ethnicity in Canada: Asian Canada)

The stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protesting the majority establishment

Genocide

The deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

Expulsion

When a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or the country. (Holocaust, Colonization of North America (Cultural genocide), Darfur region of Sudan, Rohingyas in Myanmar

Segregation

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

De jure segregation

Segregation that is legally introduced and enforced

De facto segregation

Segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors

Assimilation

The process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

4 criteria of assimilation

1. Socioeconomic status
2. Spatial concentration
3. Language assimilation
4. Intermarriage

Integration

When different groups come together and shape society. It is the process by which minority groups become part of mainstream society to create a cohesive experience

Multiculturalism

The recognition of cultural and racial diversity and of the equality of different cultures (Multicultural Act of 1988)

Kymlicka's three methods of multicultural group-specific rights

1. Self-government rights
2. polyethnic rights
3. Special representation rights

Hybridity

The process by which different racial and ethnic groups combine to create new or emergent cultural forms and practices

Scapegoat theory (Social Psychology)

A theory stating that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

Authoritative personality theory (Social Psychology)

Prejudice is a personal trait of people who strongly believe in following cultural norms, traditions and values

Culture theory (Sociocultural theory)

The assertion that some prejudice is healthy and part ofculture

Social distance (Sociocultural theory)

The Relative distance people feel between themselves and other racial/ethnic minorities

Culture of prejudice (Sociocultural theory)

A value system that promotes prejudice, discrimination, and oppression

(Functionalism theory)

Function of racial hierarchy
The eventual dysfunction of theracial hierarchy
Construction of ethnic and racialgroup

• Community cohesion whenencountering marginalization by the dominant class
• Economic benefits
• Political benefits

Critical Race Theory (Critical theory)

An interdisciplinary approach that investigates the intersection of race, class, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality to explain prejudice and discrimination

Post-colonialism (Critical theory)

The colonial past of a nation shapes the social, political and economic experience of the colonized country

Intersectionality Theory (Critical theory)

Inability to separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

Intersectionality

Symbolic Interactionism

Herbert Blumer and the construction of a prejudiced culture
4 feelings experienced by the dominant group are:
-> 1. A feeling of superiority
-> 2. A feeling that the subordinate race is intrinsically different and alien
-> 3. A feeling of proprietary claim to certain areas of privilege and advantage
-> 4. A fear and suspicion that the subordinate race harbours designs on the prerogatives of the dominant race (Blumer 1958)

Sex

The physical or physiological differences between female, male, and others

Gender

Social and cultural distinction that relates to the diversity of femininity and masculinity

Cisgendered

Individuals whose gender identity matches the gender assigned at birth

Transgendered

• Individuals identifying with a gender that is not assigned to them at birth
• Gender queer (those who do not identify with conventional gender identity, and many times they identify with neither, both, or variation of female and male genders)

Transphobia

Discrimination directed toward transgender individuals

Gender role

Society's concept of how women and men should behave

Hegemonic Masculinity

The normative ideal of dominant masculinity

Emphasized femininity

The normative ideal of femininity based on a woman's compliance with their subordination to men

Patriarchy

Set of institutional structures which are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories

Gender stereotypes

Overgeneralization of gender characteristics

Sexism

The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

Gender and Socialization

Family

• First agent of socialization
• Feminine chores vs. Masculine chores
• Gender segregation
  Education
• Gender segregation
• Educational divide
  Peer group
• Gender nonconformity and isolation
• Harsher sanction for boys
  Mass media
• Typecasting women
• Gendered advertisement

Women in female dominated occupations

2016 data = 96% of early childhood educators, 92% of registered nurses, 89%of home support workers, 99% of dental assistant
2024 data = Women earn $0.84 for every dollar a man makes

Four reasons for the gender gap

1. Gender discrimination in hiring and salary
2. Women and men are concentrated in positions that were encouraged by the early education of children
3. Unequal distribution of unpaid domestic duties among genders
4. Devaluation of pink-collar position

Intersectionality

The simultaneous influence of multiple social relations, including race, gender, ethnicity, and class

Stratification

A system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources

Structural functionalism

• Public and private sphere
• Gendered division of labour (women were physically strained due to pregnancy and child-rearing)
• WWII and division of labour
• Talcott Parson (Ffunction of the husband as a breadwinner and the wife as homemaker)

Conflict Theory

• Power relationship and access to social resources (dominant group oppressing and exploiting the subordinated group)
• Friedreich Engels (1820-1895) (owner-worker relationship in family setting and double exploitation of women in capitalist system)

Feminist Theory

• Radical feminism and criticism offamily structure in maintaining social inequality
• Women as property in the feudal era
• Domestic vs. public sphere
• Matriarchy

Bifurcated consciousness (Feminist Theory)

The experience of a division between the directly lived, bodily world of women's lives and the dominant, masculine, abstract, institutional world to which they must adapt.

Symbolic interactionism

• Symbolic representation of femininity and masculinity (elfish mothers from the 70s vs. hardworking mothers in the present time)
• G.H. Cooley and doing gender
• West and Zimmerman's Doing gender (gender as a social construct that actively and purposefully surfaces in everyday human interaction)

Post Structuralist theories

• Judith Butler's Gender performance
• Gender Discourse (gender and sexuality are socially reconstructed)

Sexuality identity

Our sense of self asa sexual being, our sense of attraction to potential others, our knowledge of our bodies, our sexual history, and our sexual preference

2SLGBTQ+ rights in Canada

Sex and sexuality

• Sexual practices are culturally diverse
• Sexual norms and values
• Influenced by family, education, peers, media, and religion• Sexuality in Canada• Less restrictive compared to other places regarding pre-,extra-marital sex and homosexuality

Sexual double standard

A concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)

6 point scale

Homophobia

An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

Sexual double standards

Sexuality-aggressive men vs.gatekeeping women
Stud vs. Slut
Slut Walk - the ethical slut
Racialized sexual doublestandard

Rape Culture

Normalization of rape as a part of double standards of gender and sexuality

FRIES consent

Structural functionalism

• Significance of family in regulating sexualpractices
• Sexuality to strengthen bond
• Procreation in a legal and stablerelationship
• Homosexual practices as dysfunctional (changes in the legality of gay marriage (2005 in Canada) and functionality of alternative family)

Commodification of sexuality

The process where sexuality is treated as goods and services available for exchange

Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

Sexuality in relation to knowledge and power

Micro power (Michel Foucault)

Using sexual practice to put surveillance on the entire population

Heteronormative

The belief and practice that heterosexuality is the only normal sexual orientation

Cis-normative

The belief that gender dichotomy is theonly normal form of gender expression

Sexual script (symbolic interactionism)

Cultural expectations about appropriate sexuality that are learned through social interactions

Coming out process

1. Identity confusion
2. Identity comparison
3. Identity tolerance
4. Identity acceptance
5. Identity pride
6. Identity synthesis

Discourse of sexuality (post-structural theory)

Socially constructed and taken for granted meaning regarding sexuality

Queer Theory

• A scholarly discipline that questions fixed(normative) definitions of gender and sexuality
• Sexuality as a complex and fluid experience

Social stratification

Hierarchical ranking of people into social classes

Equality of condition

A situation in which everyone in a society has a similar level of wealth, status, and power

Equality of opportunity

A situation in which everyone in a society has an equal chance to pursue economic or social rewards

Meritocracy

An ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing

Social inequality

unequal distribution of socially valued resources based on various attributes

Classism

An ideology that suggests that people's relative worth in society is at least partly determined by their social and economic status
Blaming the victim = Holding individuals responsible for the undesirable conditions of their lives (culture of poverty, deferred gratification)
Blame the system = holding the system accountable for systematic discrimination existing within the social system

Achieved status (open system of stratification)

A status received through individual effort or merits(e.g., occupation, educational level, moral character, etc.)

Ascribed status (closed system of stratification)

A status received by virtue of being born into a category or group (e.g., hereditary position, gender, race, etc.)

Caste system (closed system of stratification)

A system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives