Intro to Psych Chapters 12 & 13

abnormal behavior

Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

deviant

one of three criteria of abnormal behavior, says that behavior is atypical or statistically unusual and differs from cultural norms

maladaptive

one of three criteria of abnormal behavior, means that a behavior or characteristic disrupts the person’s ability to lead a satisfying life

personally distressful

one of three criteria of abnormal behavior, how people who engage in the abnormal behavior finds it troubling

biological approach

this perspective primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality

medical model

The view that says psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.

psychological approach

emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characters in explaining psychological disorders

sociocultural approach

emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives and the way that culture influences the understanding and treatment of psychological disorders

biopsychosocial model

the view that says abnormal behaviors are influenced by biological factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors

vulnerability-stress hypothesis

A theory holding that preexisting conditions (genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, etc.) put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder. (also called diathesis-stress model)

DSM-5

a list of disorders since 1952, current version - 5th ed.; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

comorbidity

The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in one person. The conditions are referred to as “comorbid.”

etiology

refers to the causes of disorders

risk factor

Characteristics, experiences, or exposures that increase the likelihood that a person will develop a psychological disorder.

psychotherapy

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

medications

drugs that are used to treat symptoms of psychological disorder

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

people who show persistent deficits in social communication and restrictive repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities

cognitive approach to ASD

emphasizes deficits in theory of mind, says the child with ASD navigates the social word without understanding that people have experiences that different from their own

social motivation approach to ASD

suggests that people with ASD are profoundly less interested in social stimuli compared to typically developing people

sensory processing approach to ASD

focuses on the fact that individuals with ASD process sensory experiences differently from others

applied behavior analysis

The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

ADHD

One of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

inattention

one of three symptoms of ADHD, the tendency t wander off tasks, lacking persistence, and difficulty sustaining focus

hyperactvity

one of three symptoms of ADHD, excessive activity when it is inappropriate, including excessive fidgeting and restlessness

impulsivity

one of three symptoms of ADHD, taking actions without planning or thinking, including inability to delay gratification

delayed maturation hypothesis

hypothesis saying that people with ADHD have brains that develop more slowly than typically developing individuals, especially the prefrontal cortex

anxiety disorders

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders, the DSM-5 recognizes 12 types of these

panic disorder

Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.

specific phobia

Psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

social anxiety disorder

can be called social phobia, an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.

hoarding disorder

involves compulsive collecting, poor organization skills, and difficulty discarding things

excoriation

refers to the particular compulsion of picking at ones skin, sometimes to the point of injury

trichotillomania

entails compulsively pulling at the hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and other body areas

body dysmorphic disorder

involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one’s physical appearance, often includes comparison to others

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster.

dissociative disorders

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a dissociative disorder in which the individual has multiple distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, etc

depressive disorders

Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.

major depressive disorder (MDD)

psychological disorder involving a major depressive episodes and characteristics, for at least 2 weeks

learned helplessness

involves an individuals feelings of powerlessness after exposure to aversive circumstances over which the person has no control

bipolar disorder

Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.

anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

bulimia nervosa

Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

binge-eating disorder (BED)

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

schizophrenia

severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes

psychosis

A state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality.

hallucinations

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.

delusions

False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.

referential thinking

shown by individuals with schizophrenia, ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.

catatonia

State of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time.

personality disorders

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

characterized by unstable emotions, impulsive behaviors, and difficulties in relationships, can experience mood swings

splitting

seen frequently in individuals with BPD, seeing things as all good or all bad

clinical psychology

An area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders.