Organic Chemistry Naming and Reactions Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering organic nomenclature rules, substituent naming, reaction types (hydrogenation and hydration), and key functional groups from the lecture notes.

Cyclopentane

A ring structure consisting of five carbon atoms.

Ethyl group

A substituent in an organic molecule consisting of two carbon atoms, often represented by a 'hockey stick' shape in skeletal structures.

Methyl group

A substituent in an organic molecule consisting of one carbon atom, often represented by a single bar in skeletal structures.

Substituent Alphabetical Order Rule

When naming organic compounds, substituents are listed alphabetically, and prefixes like 'di-' or 'tri-' do not affect the alphabetical order of the root substituent name.

Lowest Sum Carbon Numbers Rule

A rule used in naming cyclic compounds with multiple substituents, where carbon atoms are numbered to achieve the smallest possible sum of the substituent positions.

Cycloalkene Naming Convention

In a cyclic alkene, the carbons forming the double bond are always assigned numbers 1 and 2, and they must share the double bond.

Chloro

The name given to a chlorine atom (Cl) when it acts as a substituent in an organic compound.

Fluoro

The name given to a fluorine atom (F) when it acts as a substituent in an organic compound.

Halogens

Highly reactive elements from Group 17 (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) which, when named as substituents, have their '-ine' ending replaced with '-o' (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo).

Cyclooctyne

A cyclic alkyne ring structure containing eight carbon atoms and a triple bond.

Noble Gases

Elements in Group 18 of the periodic table (e.g., argon, neon) that are unreactive because they have full electron shells, making them perfectly content and unwilling to react.

Cis Isomer

A stereoisomer where identical or similar groups or substituents are located on the same side of a carbon-carbon double bond.

Trans Isomer

A stereoisomer where identical or similar groups or substituents are located on opposite sides of a carbon-carbon double bond.

Isomers

Molecules that possess the same chemical formula but exhibit different bonding arrangements of their atoms.

Butene

A four-carbon alkene, meaning it contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

Hexene

A six-carbon alkene, meaning it contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

Hydrogenation

An addition reaction in which hydrogen (H2) is added across a double or triple bond, converting it into a single bond, changing an alkene or alkyne into an alkane.

Hydrogenated Fats

Fats that have undergone a hydrogenation reaction, converting their unsaturated double bonds into saturated single bonds to make them more solid or spreadable at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, typically found in oils, and are less saturated with hydrogen atoms.

Catalyst (Hydrogenation)

A substance that speeds up a hydrogenation reaction, typically a metal such as nickel, platinum, or palladium.

Alkene

A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond, characterized as being unsaturated.

Alkane

A hydrocarbon containing only carbon-carbon single bonds, characterized as being saturated.

Alkyne

A hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.

Diatomic Hydrogen

Hydrogen gas (H2), consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded together.

Hydration Reaction

An addition reaction where water (H2O) is added across a carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene, typically catalyzed by a strong acid, to form an alcohol.

Strong Acid Catalyst (Hydration)

An acid (represented as H+ or H2SO4 for sulfuric acid) used to catalyze a hydration reaction, indicating a complete, irreversible reaction.

Alcohol

An organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom.

Hydroxide Substituent

The -OH functional group that is characteristic of an alcohol.

Ethanol

The IUPAC name for a two-carbon alcohol (CH3CH2OH), also commonly known as ethyl alcohol.

Regioselectivity Rule (Hydration)

In alkene hydration, the hydrogen atom from water adds to the carbon of the double bond that already has more hydrogen atoms, while the hydroxide group adds to the carbon with fewer hydrogen atoms.

Butanol

A four-carbon alcohol, with the position of the hydroxyl group indicated by a number (e.g., 'two butanol' for the -OH group on the second carbon).

Propanol

A three-carbon alcohol, with the position of the hydroxyl group indicated by a number (e.g., 'two propanol' for the -OH group on the second carbon).

Hexanol

A six-carbon alcohol, with the position of the hydroxyl group indicated by a number (e.g., 'two hexanol' for the -OH group on the second carbon).