AP World Unit 6 Vocab 1

Imperialism

These various motives for establishing overseas empires would lead to conflicts in Asia and a scramble to colonize Africa.

Sino-Japanese War

Japan asserted its nationalist pride through incursions into Korea. This irritated China, a country that had exerted a strong presence in Korea for centuries. Japan's victory gave it control of Korea. Japan also seized Taiwan, which was known as Formosa from the time of Portuguese colonization in the 16th century until the end of World War II.

Social Darwinism

19th-century theory of evolution by natural selection stated that over millions of years, biological competition had "weeded out" the weaker species in nature and that the "fittest" species were the ones that survived. Some thinkers adapted Darwin's theory of biological evolution to society

David Livingstone

Missionary who worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal slave trade.

King Leopold II

wanted the Belgian government to conquer colonies in a large swath of central Africa the Congo Basin. The government was ambivalent, so he established a private colony himself. However, the Belgian Parliament found the king's rule so abusive that in 1908 it took control of the region away from him. Similarly, the Dutch government revoked the charter of the Dutch East India Company for abusing its power to make treaties, build forts, and maintain armed forces in Southeast Asia. While these unusual shifts of power were taking place, other European governments, as well as the United States, Russia, and Japan, continued territorial expansion through conquest and settlement.

Berlin Conference

meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited to the conference.

European powers peaceably agreed to colonial boundaries and to the free movement of goods on Africa's major rivers such as the Niger River and the Congo River.

In most of the continent, Europeans established colonial borders that were merely artificial lines that meant little to the people who lived within them.

These borders divided long-unified societies into different colonies and united longtime rival groups into the same colonies. When these colonies became independent states in the later 20th century, these borders became the cause of extensive warfare by making national unity very difficult.

Treaty of Waitangi

guaranteeing that the rights of the original Maori inhabitants would be protected by the British crown, it became a separate colony. Nevertheless, open war broke out as European settlers encroached on Maori lands. The Australian gold rushes provided a market for foodstuffs raised by New Zealand farmers, both European and Maori. For many years, sheep grazing and dairy farming provided the base for the colony's economy.

Monroe Doctrine

European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemisphere. Implied in the doctrine was a desire to be an imperial power in the Americas. This desire played out in the U.S. war with Mexico (1845-1848), through which the United States gained vast territories in the Southwest from Mexico.

Manifest Destiny

natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean. The United States bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. Two years later, in 1869, the completion of a transcontinental railway spurred development of the American West. As white settlers moved westward to take advantage of offers of free land, Native Americans were forced onto reservations. By 1893, the U.S. Bureau of the Census declared that the western frontier was now closed.

Roosevelt Corollary

stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated "instability," the United States would intervene. It did several times. For example, in 1904 Roosevelt sent U.S. troops to occupy a Caribbean island nation, the Dominican Republic, until it repaid its foreign debts.

Great Game

Russia continued to push into Central Asia during the 19th century, leading to an intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires as they competed unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan—a rivalry that came to be known

Penal Colony

In 1788 the first convicts, along with some free settlers, arrived in Australia, and the east coast became known as New South Wales.

Boer Wars

These conflicts(between British and Afrikaners) were bloody and brutal. In the end, the British army drove the Afrikaners and the Africans from their lands, forcing many into refugee camps. These settlements, which were segregated by race, came to be known as concentration camps. Medical care and sanitation were very poor, and food rations were so meager that many of the interned died of starvation.

Once news arrived in Britain about the wretched conditions of the camps, activists tried to improve the lives of displaced refugees. However, while white camps received some attention, conditions in black camps remained terrible. Of the 100,000 blacks interned in concentration camps, nearly 15,000 perished.

Seven Years’ War

global conflict (1756-1763) drove the French out of India.

Boxer Rebellion

Between 1899 and 1901, an anti-imperialist group was attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries. The Empress Dowager Cixi encouraged them and in 1900 ordered that all foreigners be killed. However, most of the estimated 100,000 people who were killed were Chinese Christians. Only about 200-250 foreigners died during the rebellion. The empress and the Qing court suffered a humiliating defeat that undermined their legitimacy.

Western powers and influence continued to erode Chinese sovereignty in subsequent years.

Spanish-American War

brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control.

Corvée Labor

unpaid workers who were forced to work on the project as a form of taxation. Thousands died in the course of ten years. When unrest in the region threatened British commercial interests and the operation of the canal in 1882, Britain seized control of Egypt away from the Ottoman Empire.

Spheres of Influence

within China over which they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources.

Settler Colony

attracting Spanish, Italian, anc Maltese as well as French immigrants. In the 1870s the French also established trading posts in Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and Niger to compete with British West African colonies.

Afrikaners

descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers, moved east of the Cape C where they came into conflict with indigenous groups

Trail of Tears

So many Native Americans died from exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion that this forced migration

Suez Canal

Europeans had long dreamed of dramatically hortening the water route to Asia by building a canal connecting the Red Sea vith the Mediterranean Sea. A 100-mile-long canal could save a trip around he entire continent of Africa. This feat was finally accomplished in 1869 when it was completed. A French company managed the project, but nost of the labor was performed by as many as 1.5 million Egyptians.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Most were Hindus or Muslims. In 1857, the British began using rifle cartridges that had been greased with a mixture of the fat of cows and pigs. Hindus, who view the cow as sacred, and Muslims, who refuse to slaughter pigs, were both furious. Both were convinced that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. Their violent uprising, known as the Sepoy Mutiny, spread throughout cities in northern India. The British crushed the rebellion, killing thousands, but the event marked the emergence of Indian nationalism.

After, Britain also exiled the Mughal emperor for his involvement in the rebellion and ended the Mughal Empire. In its place, the British government took a more active role in ruling India. From 1858 until India won independence in 1947, the British Raj, the colonial government, took its orders directly from the British government in London.

Philippine Revolution

Filipinos had nationalist ambitions and the education needed to carry them out. In 1896 several revolts broke out in provinces around Manila, marking the beginning. The Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, and after a decisive American victory in the Battle of Manila Bay, exiled Filipino revolutionaries returned. Based on U.S. sympathy for Philippine independence, the rebels expected freedom.

Philippine-American War

the Treaty of Paris ending the war merely transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. By the time the treaty was ratified in February 1899, hostilities had broken out. The war ended in a U.S. victory in 1902. An estimated 20,000 Filipino troops were killed, and more than 200,000 civilians died as a result of the war. Of the 4,300 Americans who lost their lives, nearly two-thirds of them died of disease. Organized resistance continued until 1906, but the Philippines remained a U.S. possession until 1946.

Taiping Rebellion

made it easier for foreign countries to dominate the economic affairs of China.

During the event, which began in 1850, failed civil servant applicant Hong Xiuquan and starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. With the help of some warlords along with French and British intervention, the Qings prevailed in 1864.