CH. 4, Part 2: Sociocultural learning, Education and Self Concept (The Preschool Years)

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74 Terms

1

“Cognitive development is a result of social interactions.. through cultural institutions ” is what theory?

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural

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2

The level at which children can complete a task with assistant from an experienced person is called what?

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

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3

The Size of ZPD is proportionate to what?

the extent of improvement that comes with help

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4

physical items, conceptual frameworks that help in learning is called what

Cultural tools

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5

The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth is called what?

Scaffolding

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6

What are the General Principles (stages) of Vygotsky’s Theory?

Primitive, Naïve Psychology, Ingrowth

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7

What is Primitive stage (0-2 yrs)?

Stage 1: Mental process similar to lower animals Conditioning and imitation

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8

What is Naive psychology stage (2-6 yrs)?

Stage 2: Uses language to communicate but doesn’t understand symbolic character

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9

What is Ingrowth stage (6+ yrs)?

Stage 3: Completely understand symbols and can internalize speech

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10

Speaking to oneself to provide instructions or ask questions is called what?

Egocentric speech

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11

What is the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

Syntax

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12

What is the system of rules determining how thoughts can be expressed called?

Grammar

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13

Grammatical markers attached to sentences to indicate number, tense, gender etc. is called?

Inflections

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14

When is inflections missing in a child?

in early childhood language

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15

The process of associating new words with their meaning only after a brief encounter is called what?

Fast mapping

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16

What does Fast mapping lead to?

vocabulary increase

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17

What language developments do 3 yr. olds learn?

Plurals, possessive nouns, tense, questions and statements, principles of grammar

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18

Attaching regular inflections to irregular words is called?

Over-regularization

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19

“I goed home" is an example of what?

Over-regularization

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20

Speech that is spoken by children and directed towards themselves until 3 yrs is called what?

Private or Egocentric Speech

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21

Speech that is spoken directed at others and meant to be understood by them after 3 yrs is called what?

Social Speech

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22

The understanding of sound patterns in a language after 3 yrs is called what?

Phonological Awareness

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23

the skill of communicating effectively and appropriately is called what?

pragmatics

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24

Private speech could help improve what?

pragmatics

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25
<p>A strategy used by children with good phonological awareness is called what?</p>

A strategy used by children with good phonological awareness is called what?

Invented spelling

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26

Reading books during early childhood can do what?

improve vocabulary

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27

Words that are understood when heard is called what?

Receptive vocabulary

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28

Words that can be used correctly is called what?

Expressive vocabulary

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29

Parental/caregiver influence can do what?

enhance number concept in children

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30

Knowledge and skill of applying numbers/mathematical concepts is called what?

Numeracy

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31

Children can learn information through what sources?

informal or formal

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32

An average pre-schooler has how much screen time?

up to 4 hrs daily

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33

What percent of pre-schoolers have used computers between ages 4 and 6 yrs?

70%

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34

Children may not be able to distinguish between what in media?

fantasy and reality

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35

What may young children fail to do in media?

fail to critically evaluate content

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36

What is of high risk with increased screen time?

obesity

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37

Educational programs could do what?

improve vocabulary, numeracy, general knowledge E.g: Sesame street

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38

Primary purpose is social interactions is what kind of early childhood education?

Child-care centres

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39

Intellectual and social stimulation is what kind of early childhood education?

Preschool

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40

Sensorimotor learning and language is what kind of preschool?

Montessori

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41

Collaborative effort and play is what kind of preschool?

Regio Emilia

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42

What early childhood education is In local school systems with better trained staff?

School child-care

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43

What kind of early childhood education is a Non-uniform quality in child-care?

Family centres

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44

children enrolled in child-care show what?

better intellectual development

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45

What’s a pro with child care?

Higher verbal fluency, comprehension, higher IQ scores in future, better social development.

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46

What is a con with child care?

antisocial traits, externalizing behaviour, aggressiveness.

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47

Childhood stressors ranging from day to day maltreatment to traumatic events that puts children at risk of negative physical and mental outcomes is called?

Adverse Childhood Experiences

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48

Episodes of abuse mostly occur through what?

everyday interactions

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49

Parents who themselves have been victims of abuse tend to what?

perpetuate that behaviour

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50

Adverse Childhood Experiences face what?

high levels of constant stress and anxiety

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51

What are the Adverse Childhood Experiences in Canada?

Neglect, exposure to intimate partner violence, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse

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52

Chronic stress can disrupt what?

brain function - cognitive and socioemotional issues - low academic achievement

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53

Prevention measures to Adverse Childhood Experiences include what?

educating parents and providing at risk families with professional help.

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54

Understanding self and other’s behaviours is what?

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

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55

Children who face conflict between desire to act independently and the guilt that comes if they fail is what interaction?

Initiative vs Guilt stage

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56

The sense of self where children tend to focus on superficial characteristics to describe themselves is called?

Categorical Self

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57

Awareness of oneself as a member of society is called?

Social Self

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58

What Emphasizes personal identity and expression?

Individualistic orientation

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59

What Promotes interdependence and belongingness?

Collectivistic orientation

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60

A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual is called what?

Self-Concept

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61

Children who are from minority cultures indicate preferences for majority values or people is called what?

Race Dissonance

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62

What does race dissonance not represent?

inferiority or low self-esteem, mainly to socialize based on the majority culture

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63

Children from different cultures trick-or-treating during Halloween is an example of what?

Race Dissonance

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64

Perception of oneself as male or female or both or neither is called what?

Gender identity

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65

Boys tend to spend more time doing what kind of play?

Rough

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66

Girls are more driven to do what kind of play?

Organized

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67

Gendered behaviours are strengthened by what?

social expectations

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68

Parental views on gender roles can do what?

impact children’s understanding of gender

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69

What perspective is the following for Gender identity?

Androgens can lead to ‘typically male’ behaviours and choices. Evolutionary purpose of seeking out mates.

Biological perspective

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70

What perspective is the following for Gender identity?

Child can mimic gender appropriate behaviour that receives praise Media could propagate stereotyped behaviour

Social-learning perspective

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71

What perspective is the following for Gender identity?

Children need to develop a gender schema, cognitive framework that organized gender related information

Cognitive perspective

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72

Kohlberg proposed what?

that young children base their understanding of gender on appearances.

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73

Belief that gender identity is fixed and unchangeable is called what?

Gender constancy

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74

The state in which gender roles encompass characteristics from both sexes is called what?

Androgynous

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