Biology Final: unit 3

How is parasitism different from commensalism?

One organism is harmed in parasitism and no organisms are harmed in commensalism.

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces

What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?

Secondary succession begins on soil and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces.

Each of the following is an abiotic factor in the environment EXCEPT

plant life

An ecologist who is studying a group of ecosystems that have similar climates and are home to similar organisms is studying a __community__.

false

A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect.  Based on its behavior, which pair of ecological terms describes the bird?

carnivore, heterotroph

Matter can recycle through the biosphere because

biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.

Refer to the illustration above. Level “A” is composed of

producers

Which is an example of how biotic and abiotic factors interact?

. Tree roots split apart rocks in the ground

The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is called

ecology

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other benefits is

parasitism

Which is a factor that could interrupt the progress of succession?

another natural disturbance

Which statement describes how humans are affecting the balance of carbon in the atmosphere?

Burning fossil fuels in great quantities has increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Which of the following occurs during the ecological succession of an ecosystem?

. Living organisms modify their environment a little at a time.

Which interaction would benefit only one organisms in a relationship?

commensalism

The number of trophic levels in an ecological pyramid

is limited by the amount of energy that is lost at each trophic level.

When an exotic species overwhelms a native species it becomes 

an invasive species

Oxpeckers (tickbirds) are small birds that feed on ticks which infest large animals like rhinoceros.                            

          What are the relationships between these species?

D

Bacteria in our gut help us break down food and some make nutrients we absorb.  The bacteria in return are given a safe environment and a steady supply of food.  This relationship is an example of 

mutualism

A wolf pack hunts, kills, and feeds on a moose. In this interaction, the wolves are

predators

Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is

eeliminated as heat

The figure below shows a simplified model of the carbon cycle. Each arrow represents a process which involves a transfer of carbon.

A

Refer to the illustration above. Killer whales feed at the

. third and fourth trophic levels.

A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called

a community

In ecosystems the amount of energy that passes from one trophic level to the next is called the conversion efficiency. What is the average conversion efficiency from primary to secondary consumers in most ecosystems?

10%

Which of the following does *not* contain carbon from the bodies of plants and animals that died millions of years ago?

phosphate salts

The diagrams below show different kinds of interactions between species.

mutalism

    Suppose that a species of toads is introduced into a new environment in an attempt to reduce the population of insects. The toad has no natural predators in the new environment. The toad population would most likely 

icrease exponentially

Which of the following has a direct role in the nitrogen cycle?

all fo the above

The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the

ecosysetm

What are the main processes by which carbon is released in the atmosphere?

a. Cellular respiration of consumers, producers and combustion of fossil fuels

Which of the following ecological units includes abiotic factors?

an ecostem

All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food

web

What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web?

trophic level

Which of the following is a food chain in the food web shown

grass, grasshopper, snake, hawk

What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web?

trophic level

Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT

transpiration

Which is a biotic factor that affects the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?

a. number and kinds of predators in the ecosystem

Refer to the illustration above. Leopard seals are

carnivores

Refer to the illustration above. The photosynthetic algae are

producers

What term refers to a community and its abiotic environment?

ecosyetm

As part of the carbon cycle, carbon can be found in all of the following *except*:

* \

None of the above, all are sources of carbon for the carbon cycle.

refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in Diagram “4” above is

parasitism

The diagram below shows a simplified version of the carbon cycle.

\

c

Figure 4–2 shows succession in an ecosystem. What organisms are found in the climax community for this ecosystem?

trees and shrubs

Primary succession would most likely occur after 

a lava flow

Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?

Species make up populations, which make up communities.

Which of the following examples describes the relationship between organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere?

Similar organisms form populations, different populations become communities, communities with abiotic \n factors become an ecosystem and many ecosystems make up the biosphere

In a four-level energy pyramid, if the first level contains 5000 calories of energy, the third level will have approximately _ calories.

50

Carbon is a major component of all organic compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbon dioxide is continually exchanged between the atmosphere and oceans. What **geological** process most likely returns carbon to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide?

volcanic activity

The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called

the water cycle

Which of the following series correctly represents the hierarchical organization within ecology?

population ® community ® ecosystem ® biosphere

The algae at the beginning of the food chain in Figure 3–1 are

primary producers

Which of the species feed both as secondary consumers and as tertiary consumers?

I, II and IV only

Corn planted in a field that has been previously planted with legumes and then plowed under is likely to be

more productive because bacteria living on the roots of legumes fix nitrogen in the soil.

The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is

a community

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is

mutualsim

A group of plants or animals that are alike and that can produce offspring under natural conditions is called a

population

Refer to the illustration above. The relationship shown in Diagram “2” above is

competition

What is at the base of all ecological pyramids?

producers

The movements of energy and nutrients through living systems are different because

energy flows in one direction, and nutrients recycle.

To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the:

carbon cycle

\n Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by

bacteria

What percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level?

10%

Communities are composed of:

* \

all of the populations of all the different species that live together within an area.