AP human geography semester 1 final

Meant for semester 1, uses questions from this semester given by Mr. Gonzalez of Eastlake High School.

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, interdependence without regard to country borders

Globalization

A worldwide outbreak of disease

Pandemic

Regional outbreak of disease.

Epidemic

The visible imprint of human activity on a landscape.

Cultural landscape

The art and science of making maps

Cartography

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

 A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study.

Remote Sensing

A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

Geographic Information System (GIS)

The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society

Culture

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger

Expansion diffusion

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person

Contagious diffusion

Which of the following best defines Carl Sauer’s concept of cultural landscape?

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the natural landscape

"Twenty four specific objects transmit complex radio codes, including time signals traveling at the speed of light. you can contact at least 4 of these 24 objects at any time of the day or night" (this is referring to technology for mapping

Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites

Toponyms in Southern California reflect?

Cultural and historical influence

spatial analysis tradition in geography

The study of the arrangement of phenomena on the Earth's surface and the patterns and processes that shape them.

examples of Cultural Landscape?

Adobe ruins

A straight line on a navigation map using the Mercator projection represents

Rhumb line / loxodrome

A ships position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that that ship is located

Atlantic Ocean

The diffusion pattern of Walmart stores, which have spread from small towns to large cities throughout the United States, is an example of

Reverse-Hierarchical diffusion

The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development

Environmental determinism

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Arithmetic density

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Crude birth rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Crude death rate

In countries that would fall into Stage 2 of the model, the economy would be best characterized as

Agricultural with limited industrialization

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Demographic transition

highest dependency ratios are (population pyramids)

Countries w/ large youth population or large elder population

The diagram that most resembles the population structure of the United States is (population pyramids)

Rectangular: relatively even

Which Population pyramid shown best represents a college town? (population pyramids)

Large young adult population for both genders

Which population pyramid shown best represents a town with a military base? (population pyramids)

Large male adult population

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Doubling time

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Epidemiology

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Ecumene

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society.

Infant mortality rate

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Medical revolution

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Natural increase rate

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Physiological density

A decline in the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

Zero population growth

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Remittances

Movement - for example, nomadic migration - that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.

Cyclic movement

For example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation.

Periodic movement

A change in residence intended to be permanent

Migration

 A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances.

International labor migration

 A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

Transhumance

Human movement involves movement across international boundaries

International migration

The act of a person migrating into a particular country or era

Immigration

In the context of mass migration, the African Diaspora refers to

Forced migration of Africans, leaving them scattered across the world.

The gravity model states that as the distance increases between two equally-sized, equally populated cities, the level of economic and culture interaction

Decreases

Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States.

Internal migration

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.

Voluntary migration

Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them.

Gravity model

Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location

Push factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Pull factors

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.

Distance decay

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Step migration

The act of the government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrants home country.

Deportation

Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success

Chain migration

A pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

Kinship links

Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination

Migration stream

Wilbur Zelinsky's model of migration predicted

That migration patterns in a society change in predictable ways based on the country’s stage in the demographic transition.

Migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions.

International migration

A physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land.

Colonialism

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

The Soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union.

Russification

Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

Guest worker

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.

Refugees

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

Asylum

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization.

Repatriation

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial, or religious group.

Genocide

Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state.

Immigration policies

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year.

Quota system

Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating.

Selective immigration

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Custom

Many less developed countries fear the loss of folk culture because

Globalization & popular culture can overwhelm/replace tradition

Which of the following statements reflects the environmental impact of culture

Cultural practices can significantly shape the environment

Terroir refers to

The unique combination of soil, climate, and other environmental factors that influence the taste and characteristics of agricultural products, especially crops like wine grapes.

Typically, popular culture

Is widespread, rapidly changing, and influenced by mass media and global connections, rather than tied to a specific location or tradition.

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Folk culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

Popular culture

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

Dialect

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Extinct language

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Isogloss

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family

Language branch

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language family

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

Language group

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Lingua franca

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.

Logogram

A lingua franca is

a language used for communication between groups of people who do not share a common native language, especially for trade or commerce

Basque is a good example of a(n)

Isolated language

Which of the following is not a Romance language

Bulgarian

According to Colin Renfrew's research, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe

through the diffusion of agriculture from Anatolia during the Neolithic period

The language spoken by the greatest number of native speakers in the world is

Mandarin (Chinese)

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect which was used for official documents

Vulgar Latin

Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

Agnosticism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have discrete spirit and conscious life

Animism

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body

Denomination

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated

Ethnic religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

Hierarchical religion

The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God

Monotheism

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

Pilgrimage