EMT Training Anatomy and Physiology

What’s the other name for the adam’s apple

Thyroid Cartilage

Ligaments connect

Bone to bone

Tendons connect

Muscles to bone

List the 5 groups of bones of the skull that were discussed in the chapter

1. Mandible, this is the lower jaw

2. Maxillae, this is the group of bones forming the upper jaw

3. Nasal bones, these provide structure and support to the nose.

4. Orbits, these are many bones around the eyes.

5. Zygomatic arches, these provide structure for the cheeks.

Name all of the groups of the spinal column from superior to inferior, and how many vertebrae they have.

Cervical has 7 vertebrae

Thoracic has 12 vertebrae

Lumbar has 5 vertebrae

Sacrum has 5 vertebrae

Coccyx has 4 vertebrae

Which parts of the spinal column are typically subject to injury

The Cervix and the Lumbar spine. The Cervix because it has to support the head and the lumbar spine because it has no support. (it’s okay if you didn’t know why)

Thorax

The chest area. Includes the thoracic cavity, which includes the vital organs. The thorax also includes the ribs.

How many ribs are there? How many attach to something and how many aren’t? What is the thing that they attach to called?

There are 12 pairs ribs which all attach to the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

10 of these pairs attach to the sternum (breastbone) and 2 are what are called floating ribs.

What is the sternum and what are the sections of it?

The sternum is the anterior flat bone which is also known as the breast bone.

1. Manubrium (superior portion)

2. The body (central portion)

3. Xiphoid Process (inferior portion)

What’s the difference between the hip and the pelvis? Is there any difference?

The hip and the pelvis are different things. The pelvis is the large group of bones and the hip is the joint where the femur connects to the pelvis.

What are the bones of the Pelvis?

1. Ilium, which is the large and superior bone of the pelvis. Contains the Iliac crest, which is the little bump on the end.

2. Ischium, which is the inferior and posterior portion of the pelvis.

3. Pubis, which is the inferior and anterior region which is formed of 3 fused bones.

What connects to form the hip joint?

1. The acetabulum, which is the socket of the hip joint

2. The ball, which is the part of the femur

What are the bones of the legs (going from superior to inferior)

1. Femur (thigh bone) which commonly breaks on the proximal end.

2. Patella (kneecap).

3. Tibia (shin bone), medial and larger bone.

4. Fibula, lateral and smaller bone.

What are the bones of the ankle and feet

1. Lateral malleolus is the protrusion at the lower end of the fibula

2. Medial malleolus is the protrusion at the lower end of the tibia

3. Tarsals (like the back of the foot)

4. Metatarsals (like the middle of the foot)

5. Phalanges (toes mmmmm toes mmmm)

What is the heel bone called? What group of bones is it included in?

It is called the calcaneus, it is included in the tarsals.

What are the bones of the shoulders and what is the joint made of the two bones? Also what’s the highest point and what bone is this a part of?

1. Clavicle, also known as the collar bone.

2. Scapula, also known as the shoulder blade.

These two bones come together to make the acromioclavicular joint, which is a frequent area of injury.

The highest point of the shoulder is the acromion process which is a part of the scapula.

What are the bones of the upper arm and forearm?

1. Humerus

2. Radius (lateral bone of forearm)

3. Ulna (medial bone of forearm)

What are the groups of bones that make up the wrist and hand

1. Carpals in the wrist

2. Metacarpals in the hand

3. Phalanges in the fingers

What is the special property of cardiac muscles?

Automaticity, which means that it can generate and conduct electrical impulses on it’s own.

What’s the path that air takes through the respiratory system?

1. Oropharynx

2. Nasopharynx

3. Epiglottis closes over the larynx, preventing food from entering where air is supposed to be.

4. The cricoid cartilage is a ring structure on the lower portion of the larynx.

5. After the larynx (or specifically the glottis, the last portion of the larynx which is the opening for the trachea), the air enters the trachea.

6. The trachea brings the air to the lungs.

7. When the trachea gets to the lungs it bifurcates into two branches called bronchi

8. Bronchi then split into branches called bronchioles

9. Bronchioles split into smaller and smaller passages until they end at alveoli, which are small sacs of gas exchange.

What areas does the diaphragm divide? What nerve controls the diaphragm? Does the diaphragm work alone?

The diaphragm divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

The phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm.

The diaphragm works with the intercostal muscles and others to produce inhalation.

What is the process of ventilation?

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide exchange that happens in alveoli

What does the process of respiration refer to

The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and cells.

What is adequate breathing and what’s inadequate breathing

Adequate breathing is breathing that is necessary to support life, while inadequate breathing is not sufficient.

Cardiovascular system. Where does blood come from? Where does it go?

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from both venae cavae, it delivers to the right ventricle which pumps the blood into pulmonary arteries leading to oxygenation by the lungs. This oxygenated blood comes back through pulmonary veins into the left atrium, which sends blood to the left ventricle. The left ventricle then, because it’s so strong, pumps the blood into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, delivering it to the rest of the body.

What is the cardiac conduction system

A system of specialized muscle tissues which conduct electrical impulses which stimulate the heart. This is a key part of automacity.

Describe the arteries.

Coronary arteries

Aorta

Pulmonary Artery

Carotid Arteries

Femoral Arteries

Brachial Arteries

Radial Arteries

Posterior Tibial Arteries

Dorsalis Pedis Arteries

Coronary arteries branch off the aorta, providing the heart with blood

The Aorta is the largest artery in the body, which goes up from the left ventricle

The Pulmonary Artery is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood, because it carries it away from the heart to be oxygenated by the lungs.

The Carotid Arteries are the arteries we use to check for pulse on the neck.

Femoral Arteries, as the name suggests, are around the femur

Brachial Arteries are the ones we check for blood pressure.

Radial Arteries, as the name suggests, are on the radius bone.

Posterior Tibial Arteries, as the name suggests, are on the back of the ankle.

The Dorsalis Pedis Arteries are on the top of the foot.

Describe the general movement of blood from the heart through the body to the heart. I’m looking for the general things like veins, and include the smaller versions of these.

Aorta → Arteries → Arteriole → Capillaries → Venule → Veins → Venae Cavae

What is the basic concept of a pulse? What are the types of pulses and what are all examples of each? What is the difference in when these pulses can be felt?

the pulse is created by the left ventricle contracting. The types of pulses are peripheral and central pulses.

Examples of central pulses:

1. Carotid Artery

2. Femoral Artery

Examples of peripheral pulses:

1. Radial Artery

2. Brachial Artery

3. Posterior Tibial Artery

4. Dorsalis Pedis Artery

The central pulses can be felt even when the peripheral pulses are too weak to be.

What are the two numbers of blood pressure?

The mnemonic is Cosy Red

When the left ventricle COntracts, it’s SYstolic or the upper larger number.

When the left ventricle REsts, it’s Diastolic, or the lower and smaller number.

Perfusion

Refers to the supply of oxygen and removal of waste through the flow of blood

Hypoperfusion

This is also known as shock. It is a lack of perfusion, as the name suggests. Which means that due to not having enough blood flow, there is not enough oxygen and nutrient supply and there isn’t enough waste removal.

What is a V/Q Match

V/Q Match is an abbreviation for Ventilation Perfusion Match, refers to when there is a sufficient amount of air supply and blood supply.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Capture lymph, or the fluid which escapes cells, and return it to the bloodstream.

Also produce lymphocytes and some white blood cells helping fight off infection.

What are the organs of the lymphatic system (it doesn’t say much about a lot of them.

Tonsils

Adenoids

Thymus

Spleen. Filters out old blood cells and holds a large quantity of blood reserves used in case of blood loss.

Lymph Nodes. Filter lymph from the body and produce cells to fight infection.

Lymph Vessels

And sometimes the appendix is categorized as part of the lymphatic system.

Let’s say, a woman had a total mastectomy on the right side of her body. We need to take her blood pressure. What side do we take it on and why?

We take it on her left side, or the side opposite of the total mastectomy, because the mastectomy removes lymph nodes, and the pressure of the blood pressure cuff can damage already weakened lymphatic tissue.

What is the part of the nervous system responsible for keeping someone awake?

The Reticular Activating System

What are the sections of the nervous system and what are the things included in each of these sections and what are the things included in those if there are any.

The nervous system is split between the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems.

1. Central

   1. Brain

   2. Spinal Cord

2. Peripheral

   1. Motor Nerves

   2. Sensory Nerves

      Can also be split up as:

      Parasympathetic Nervous System (calm)

      Sympathetic Nervous System (fight-or-flight)

      Enteric Nervous System (book didn’t include but they’re like digestion)

Describe the pathway of food being digested and absorbed.

1. Mouth breaks down food for transport to stomach.

2. Oropharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach breaks down food further.

5. Small intestine, absorbs nutrients.

   1. Duodenum

   2. Jejunum

   3. Ileum

6. Large Intestine (also known as colon), absorbs water and waste products.

Organs of the digestive system which are not included in the pathway of food.

1. The liver produces bile, which is used in the small intestine. Also detoxifies harmful substances, and stores sugar.

2. Gallbladder, stores bile.

3. Pancreas, secretes insulin and glucagon.

4. Spleen, like an oil filter for the blood.

5. Appendix unknown function.

What are the functions of the integumentary system. Give 4.

1. Protection from the outside environment and shock absorption

2. Water balance. Keeps water in and prevents more water from coming in.

3. Temperature balance. Insulates, capillaries expand or dilate to store or release heat, and sweat to cool off.

4. Excretion through sweat.

What are the major layers of skin? How many layers of skin does the body have?

The skin is all composed of 4 skin layers, except the hands and the soles of the feet which have five skin layers.

1. Epidermis, has no blood vessels or nerves, so is not a worry for EMT Care.

   1. Outer layer of dead cells

   2. Inner layer of Pigment cells

   3. Deep layer of dividing cells

2. Dermis, rich with blood vessels and nerves, has oil (sebaceous) glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles. It provides our touch sense.

3. Subcutaneous Layers, made up of fat and soft tissue which provide insulation and shock absorption.

What’s the Renal system typically known as?

The Urinary system.

What are the three main sections of the female reproductive system

1. Ovaries. Develops and releases ova (eggs) connected to the uterus via fallopian tubes aka oviducts.

2. Uterus. Muscular organ which grows during pregnancy. Prone to bleeding and is what produces period blood.

3. Vagina. Also known as birth canal.