Mental health psychology

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 4 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/130

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

OCR exam board

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

131 Terms

1
New cards

what was the first treatment for mental health

  • 65000BC and middle ages- trapanning

  • used to treat epilepsy and general madness

  • maddness is caused by possesion of devils/demons so treatment was to drill hopes in peoples heads using sharp instruments to exorcise demons

2
New cards

second treatment and how did it work

10000 BC (old treatment): music

  • used to treat bipolar and general maddness

  • the cause of mental illness was god punishing the individual→ Saul murdered 85 priests because he angered God so was suggested to play music

  • worked by calming patients down

3
New cards

third treatment and explain

ancient Chinese and Egyptian: Exorcism

  • used to treat any mental illness

  • mental illness was believed to be caused by possession of devils/demons so people were beat, restrained and starved to drive the demons out

4
New cards

4th treatment

460- 377 BC:bloodletting

  • used to treat general madness and depression

  • mental illness was caused by excess blood or bodily fluids (phlegm, black or yellow bile) so people were given laxatives and bloodletting was performed→ worked by creating a balance

5
New cards

5th treatment

300 AD: religion

  • used to treat madness

  • mental illness caused by punishment from god so treatment involved religion (prayer, confession) so god will remove punishment

6
New cards

6th treatment

Middle ages: burning at the stake

  • used to treat madness (hysteria and epilepsy)

  • mental illness was a punishment from god and possessed by demons so burning at the stake meant no more madness

7
New cards

7th treatment

19th and 20th century: prefrontal lobotomy

  • used to treat manic depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and compulsive disorders

  • mental illness caused by evil spirits in brain and problems/abnormalities in frontal lobe

  • worked by cutting hole in head, metal instrument inserted and used to break connections in brain to release tension

8
New cards

final treatment

1950’s: medical model

  • used to treat many illnesses

  • mental illness caused by biological disturbance so given prescription drugs which alters chemical imbalances

9
New cards

the definition of abnormality 1

statistical infrequency

  • a behavior that is statistically not seen in society often may be considered abnormal

  • gaged by a normal distribution curve

  • for example IQ

  • 3.45% for schizophrenia

10
New cards

definition of abnormality 2

deviation from social norms

  • a person who doesnt behave in a way society expects, may be considered abnormal→ depends on culture

  • example- wearing a swimsuit to work

11
New cards

definition of abnormality 3

failure to function adequately

  • if a person is unable to live a normal life adequately then they are considered abnormal

  • several ways they may fail to function → dysfunctional behavior (OCD), behavior that distresses a person (agoraphobia), behavior that makes observer uncomfortable, unpredictable behavior, irrational behavior

12
New cards

definition of abnormality 4

deviation from ideal mental health

  • if you lack ideal mental health you are considered abnormal

  • jahoda (1958) she developed a criteria for ideal mental health, so failing to meet these would mean abnormality

  • a few from criteria- positive attitudes towards the self, growth, self actualization

13
New cards

information on ICD-10

  • international classification of diseases

  • most recently revised in 1992

  • diagnostic classification for all general diseases and illnesses (includes medical and mental conditions)

  • publishes by WHO

  • main classification outside USA

  • 10 categories- chapter V relevant for mental disorders

14
New cards

information on DSM-5

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases

  • diagnostic classification for mental illnesses

  • main system in USA

  • published by APA

  • 18 categories, 3 sections (e.g depressive and anxiety disorders) chapter 11- mental health

15
New cards

what criteria should be used to make classification valid

1) a complete system

2) classification categories should be separate

3) should be reliable (high inter rater reliability)

4) should be user friendly- ask right questions- criterion validity (how is ours associated with another), must concur with other variables predicted (self reported problems and clinical observations)

16
New cards

1 way catorgisation of mental disorders is not valid

  • manuals are regularly updates, homosexuality was removed (1973)- less scientific, reliable and useful

  • ford and widger(1989) found presenting same characteristic but with different gender results in different diagnosis (females- histrionic personality disorder, males- antisocial personality disorder)

  • krimsky and cosgrove- 69% panel working on DSM-5 had pharmaceutical links (make drugs to treat)- may be some misinterpretation of symptoms (cross over), researcher bias (more drugs- more useful)

17
New cards

why is it useful/valid to categorize mental disorders

  • DSM lists ICD code numbers to cross reference both (concurrent validity and reliable (concurrent validity)

  • DSM-5 created by 160 world renowned clicins and researchers who reviewed scientific literature - higher intererater reliability

18
New cards

what was Rosenhans aim

to investigate the reliability and validity of the nurses/psychiatrists/doctors diagnosis of mental disorders when using the DSM-5 to diagnose

19
New cards

what was Rosenhans aim for experiment 1

  • to investigate weather psychiatrists can diagnose people who are sane, as sane or do they have a tendency to diagnose sane people as insane → are they good at detecting insanity?

20
New cards

sample for Rosenhan

  • doctors (psychiatrists and nurses)

  • 12 hospitals across 5 states across USA from east to west coast

  • mixture of old and new hospitals

  • some hospitals had good staffing levels and some had poor

  • 11 hospitals were state hospitals and one was private

21
New cards

method (confederates)

  • Rosenhan got 8 pseudo patients (normal people who acted insane in the situation)

  • males and female

  • all normal people (housewives, doctors and Rosenhan)

  • all 8 acted insane temporarily then acted sanne to see if they could get out

22
New cards

procedure Rosenhan experiment 1

  • pseudo patients rang up hospital and said ‘can i have an appointment please because i am hearing voices and the voices are saying things like empty, hollow and thud’

  • they said voices were always same sex (female- F, male- M)

  • the voice was unfamiliar

  • all pseudo patients reported hearing exact same symptoms when trying to get diagnosed (standardized)

23
New cards

what did the pseudo patients do once admitted? Experiment 1 Rosenhan

  • only lied about the voices rest of details given were true

  • they acted completely normal, and were told to not show or talk about anymore symptoms (they did this)

  • behaved and spoke as they normally would

  • completely cooperative

24
New cards

what is the only thing the pseudo did not do? Experiment 1 Rosenhan

take there medication (flushed down toilet) 2100 pills administered but only 2 swallowed

only leave if discharged for being sane by nurses and doctors

25
New cards

results quantitative experiment 1 Rosenhan

  • average amount of time psedo patients were in hospital- 19 days

  • range- 7-52 days

  • 7 discharged with schizophrenia in remission

  • 1 discharged with depression in remission → stickiness of labels

26
New cards

qualitative experiment 1 Rosenhan

  • pseudo patients were not spotted as being sane by doctors and nurses

  • other patients worked it out ‘you’re not crazy’ ‘you’re a journalist or professor’ ‘you’re checking up on the hospital’

27
New cards

conclusions from experiment 1 Rosenhan

  • doctors/nurses cannot validly or reliably recognize people as sane/insane

  • they are wrongly saying that people were insane when they were sane TYPE 1 ERROR

  • Rosenhan defended doctors and nurses as it would be worse to say an insane person was healthy and send away with no treatment→ tendency to make type 1 errors to be on safe side

28
New cards

why was experiment 2 conducted Rosenhan

  • one of the hospitals doubted Rosenhans findings for study 1 and wanted to be put to the test

29
New cards

Aim of experiment 2 rosenhan

to investigate the ability to detect sanity → if he sent no insane patients could they detect sanity

30
New cards

sample for experiment 2 Rosenhan

doctors and nurses in one hospital USA

31
New cards

method EXPERIMENT 2 Rosenhan

  • told hospital over 3 months 1 or more pseudo patient would be admitted and they had to spot them

  • told to rate each patient who walked through the door how likely they are to be a pseudo patient (10 point scale 1 and 2 high confidence

  • told to treat all patients as real

  • NO PSEUDO PATIENTS SENT

32
New cards

Results experiment 2 Rosenhan

  • 193 genuine, real patients turned up over 3 months and all admitted

  • at least 1 member of staff rated 41/ 193 as highly confident they were pseudo patients

  • 23/193 were rated highly confident as being a pseudo patient by a psychiatrist

  • 19/ 193 were rated by a psychiatrist and another member of staff as being a pseudo

  • TYPE 2 ERRORS WERE MADE- wrongly diagnosing the insane as healthy

33
New cards

Experiment 3 rosenhan aim

  • to compare patient staff contact with student- facility member contact

  • carried out during experiment 1

34
New cards

Method for experiment 3 Roseann IV1

  • in 4 hospitals the pseudo patients asked staff one of the 3 questions

  • pardon me Mr/Mrs/Dr X could you tell me when…’

  1. ‘I will be eligible for ground privileges?’

  2. ‘I will be presented at the staff meeting’

  3. ‘I am likely to be discharged’

35
New cards

Method for rosenhan experiment 3 IV2 and DV

  • at Stanford university a young female approached a faculty member on campus and asked them 6 questions e.g

  • ‘Do you teach here?’

  • ‘Is there financial aid?’

  • ‘Do you know where fish Annex is?’

DV- responses if there is one

36
New cards

Rosenhan results E3 for eye contact

IV1

  • psychiatrists 23%

  • Nurses 10%

IV2

  • 100%

37
New cards

Rosenhan results E3 walks on, head averted

IV1

  • psychiatrist- 71%

  • nurses- 86%

IV2

  • 0%

38
New cards

length of reply

IV1- brief

IV2- full 6/6

39
New cards

stopped and talk

IV1

  • psychiatrists 4%

  • nurses- 0.4%

IV2

  • 100%

40
New cards

conclusion 1 for rosenahn E3

the experience of psychiatric hospitalization

  • spent 11.3% of time outside cage

  • nurses spent immeasurable amount of time with patients → segregation

41
New cards

examples of stickiness of labels experiment 3 Rosenhan

  • patients were sitting outside the dining room 30 mins before lunch and talking

  • the psychiatrist said they showed the oral- acquisitive nature of their illness

  • 7 discharged with schizophrenia in remission (labels stick)

  • ALWAYS DEFINE STICKINESS FIRST

42
New cards

conclusion 2 rosenhan results E3

powerlessness

  • no one believed the patient if complained

  • monitored during bath and toilet time

  • staff members could enter and examine at any time

depersonalisation

  • nurse undid bra infront of male patients (objectified)

  • physically examined in public places

43
New cards

definition of mood disorder/ effective and common symptoms AFFECTIVE DISORDER

depression is an all encompassing low mood (accompanied by low self esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in normal enjoyable activities)

  • reduced concentration

  • pessimism

  • low self esteem

  • disturbed eating

  • self harm

44
New cards

prevalence of depression

  • 2019/2020- 11.6% of population

  • women twice as likely to suffer than men

  • onset- teen/adolescence

45
New cards

special fact for depression and how long for

3 types of depression- emotional, behavioral, cognitive

  • emotional DSM- depressed mood most of the day (impairment of feelings)

  • behavioral DSM - body weight loss of more than 5% not due to diet, decrease or increase in appetite (something observable)

  • cognitive DSM- lack of ability to think/ make decisions(impaired thinking)

5 or more symptoms over a 2 week period

46
New cards

definition of anxiety disorder (SPECIFIC PHOBIA)

persistent fear of particular object or situation

  • anxiety response (increase heart rate, dilated pupils, hyperventilation)

  • phobic situation avoided

47
New cards

prevalence of anxiety disorder

  • most common

  • affect 5-12% of the population (2 in 100)

  • females affected more

  • onset- teenage or young adult but can onset at any age

48
New cards

special fact for specific phobia 5 types

  • animal (most common)

  • blood/injection/ injury

  • natural environment (storms)

  • situational (flying, public transport)

  • other

49
New cards

DSM-5 symptoms

F. in individuals under 18 duration is atleast 6 months

C. person recognizes fear is excessive and unreasonable (in children, may be absent) not logical (OTT)

D. the phobic situation is avoided or else is endured with inetnse anxiety or distress

B. exposure to phobic stimulus provides anxiety response

ALWAYS EXPLAIN

50
New cards

definition of psychotic disorder

schizophrenia- a profound disruption of cognition and emotion which effects language, thought, perception and sense of self.

51
New cards

prevalence of schizophrenia

around 1% of population (stable around world)

males onset sooner than females (18-25 males and 25- 35 females)

52
New cards

special fact for schizophrenia

  • characteristics split into positive and negative symptoms

  • positive- symptoms have been added (e.g hallucinations and delusions) - EXPLAIN

  • negative- lack ‘normal mental function (e.g blunted affect/ lack of emotion and aviation-lack of drive to peruse meaningful goals, alogia- poverty of speech and movement

53
New cards

DSM-5 characteristics

pos and neg

  • hallucinations- seeing, hearing, smelling or feeling things that don’t exist outside the individuals mind in the absence of sensory input

  • delusions- believing things not based on reality

  • disorganized speech- collection of speech abnoralities that makes a person difficult or impossible to understand→ E.g neologisms (made up words), loose associations (shifting topics with no connections)

  • LASTS SIGNIFICANT PERIOD OF TIME OVER A 1 MONTH PERIOD

54
New cards

what is a neuron

a nerve cell that transmits nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph

  • typical neuron has 1000- 10,000 synapses

55
New cards

brief definition for each parts of neuron

  1. dendrite- branch from cell body and brings info to all the body

  2. nucleus- contains DNA and receives info from dendrites

  3. axon- takes info away from cell body

  4. Myelin- coats and insulates axon

  5. synapse- gap between axon and receiving information

56
New cards

define the close up parts of a synapse

  • presynaptic ending- closest to the axon and contains neurotransmitters

  • postsynaptic ending- contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters to bind to

  • synaptic left- space between pre and post endings

  • neurotransmitters- chemical messengers that allow the neurons to communicate with another neuron

57
New cards

what is biochemical explanation for mental illness

  • biochemical for a predisposition towards phobic attitudes and behavior is a neurotransmitter imbalance in the brain

  • particularly serotonin lack

  • bodies have balance of chemicals and an imbalance leads to mental illness

58
New cards

what is serotonin responsible for

  • mood, social behavior, appetite, digestion, sleep memory and sexual desire

  • an association has been made between serotonin and social phobia and depression

59
New cards

research for the biochemical (lazenburger) Aim, method

Lazenberger et al (2007)

  • aim- to investigate 5-HT1A binding potential in social phobia

  • method- used PET scans to look at serotonin receptor binding potential

  • IV- social phobia diagnosis, control

  • DV- binding potential or serotonin receptor sites

60
New cards

sample for lazenberger

  • 12 unmediated males with social phobia

  • 18 healthy controls

61
New cards

results and conclusion

Results - there is a lower binding potential of serotonin receptors in social phobics than control group particularly in the amygdala

Conclusion- the results are consistent with 1) pre- clinical findings of elevated anxiety in mice with lower serotonin receptor binding potential and 2) a human PET study in patients with panic disorder showing reduced serotonin receptor binding potential

Therefore should target serotonin receptors on treatment of human anxiety disorders such as social phobia.

62
New cards

Lazenberger critic and what they believed

Frick Et al (2007)

  • ‘serotonin can increase anxiety and not decrease as was previously often assumed’

  • suggests individuals with social phobia make too much serotonin in the amygdala (fear center)

  • more serotonin= more anxious

  • used PET camera

63
New cards

how does the biochemical explanation link to schizophrenia

receptors on dendrite take up too much dopamine from pre synaptic ending

  • dopamine is involved with perception

  • anti psychotics block dopamine

64
New cards

evaluation of the BC explanation

S- scientific equipment

contruct validity

useful/ applications

reductionist

deterministic (cause and effect)

reliable

W- reductionist/deterministic

qualitative data

not as many applications

conflicting evidence

PET scans don’t isolate neurons/ transmitters

65
New cards

how can genetic explanation be researched

  • identical twins raised together or apart

  • non identical twins raised together or apart

  • siblings raised together or apart

  • cousins raised together or apart

66
New cards

whats one way of finding out if a disorder has a genetic component

  • weather is runs in families

  • if relatives of sufferers have higher than average risk of getting the disorder themselves then the disorder may be genetic

  • families often share the same environments so increased risk among close relatives may indicate they are exposed to same environmental risks

67
New cards

another way to find out if disorders have a genetic component

  • twin study

  • looks at concordance of twins with respect to the disorder being considered

  • concordance rates expressed as a percentage= probability of one twin having disorder if one already has it

  • MZ and DZ twins are compared as both types of twin pair grow up in identical environments so if MZ have higher concordance than DZ it must be genetic as environments are similar

68
New cards

interpenetrating twin study data

  • MZ concordance is significantly higher than DZ= disorder has a genetic component

  • MZ concordance same as DZ- disorder environmentally caused

  • MZ concordance is 100%- disorder genetically caused

  • MZ significantly less than 100%= disorder has environmental component

69
New cards

supportive evidence for genetic explanation of mental illness

  • all twin study data (simple phobia using DSM-111)

  • carey and gottesman

  • Kendler et al 1992

  • kendler et al 2001

70
New cards

carey and gottesman research

  • sample- 98

  • blind- NO (researcher bias)

  • sex- both

  • MZ concordance 13.0%

  • DZ concordance 8.0%

71
New cards

kendler et al 1992

  • sample- 2,163

  • blind- YES

  • sex- female

  • Mz concordance- 25.9%

  • DZ concordance- 11.0%

72
New cards

Kendler et al 2001

  • sample- 2,396

  • blind- YES

  • sex- male

  • MZ concordance- 15.9%

  • DZ concordance- 7.7%

73
New cards

problems with kendler (2001+1992) and carey and gottesman

Quasi IVs- no manipulation and less control

74
New cards

what do all these studies (kendler, carey, gottesman) tell us about genetic contribution to phobias

  • genetics play a role in contribution to phobias as MZ concordance is higher than DZ

  • BUT percentages for MZ are not 100% so nurture and environments is contributing to phobias

75
New cards

evaluation points for twins studies

  • one twin is typically larger more robust than the other and this difference is first observable during pre-natal developments

  • MZ twins have a closer relationship than DZ

  • parents accentuate similarity by dressing similarity which may account for greater similarity (environment)

  • DZ can be made and female but MZ are same sex so gender could cause similarity

76
New cards

Gottesman et al aim

  1. the probability of the child having a mental disorder when both parents do

  2. the probability of the child having a mental disorder when just one parent has it

77
New cards

sample for gottesman

  • all danish

  • 2.7 million

  • all participants born or alive after 1968 (atinson and shiffrin)

  • age- maximum cut off was 52 (range 10-52)

78
New cards

where was information gathered from for gottesmen et al

  • civil registration

  • psychiatric register

    → secondary data

  • needed to be evidence of biological parents and their children having the disorder (needed medical diagnosis)

79
New cards

what 3 disorders did gottesman measure

  • schizophrenia

  • bipolar affective disorder (extreme mood swings)

  • Impolar affective disorder (just laws)

80
New cards

the IV and DVs of gottesman

IV1- 2 parents having a diagnosis

IV2- one parent having a diagnosis

DV- childs diagnosis

81
New cards

how were parents and children diagnosed in Gottesman and why is it a problem?

  • parents used ICD-8

  • children used ICD-10

  • (also secondary data so was it a controlled collection of data?)

82
New cards

results for Gottesman- Schizophrenia

Risk of developing schizophrenia if both parents have the disorder= 27.3%

→ increased to 39.2% if schizophrenia related disorders were included

Control (neither parent) = 0.86%
7% for one

General population risk of schizophrenia= 1.12% (in Denmark)

83
New cards

How much higher for 2 parents (schizophrenia results gottesman)

31.2x higher for both parents having schizophrenia than neither parents having schizophrenia

84
New cards

Risk of bipolar (results gottesman)

  • if both parents have it= 24.9% → increased to 36% if impolar was undivided

  • If one parent= 4.4%

  • Control=0.48%

  • General population risk of Denmark = 0.63%

85
New cards

What were the 2 conclusions gottesman

  1. Supports previous research done for genetic inheritance of those mental disorders

  2. Study is useful because we can make plans based upon it

86
New cards

Ethical considerations of gottesman

  • no participants knew they were part of it

    → but none identified so confidentiality

87
New cards

Evaluation of the genetic explanation strengths

  • quantitative data

  • Useful- applications

  • Reductionist- can predict

  • Quasi- high ecological

  • Parents consented- ethical

  • Secondary data

  • Ethical as no manipulation it’s just measured

88
New cards

Weaknesses of genetic explanation

  • qualitative

  • Reductionist

  • Deterministic

  • Less applications

  • Socially sensitive (distressing)

  • Quasi (less scientific)

  • Can’t establish cause and effect

  • No consent from twins- can’t withdraw

  • Only application is parents with mental illness shouldn’t have kids- socially sensitive

  • Secondary data- reliable?

89
New cards

Part of brain in explanation for a specific phobia

  • Emotional responses including fear and panic- a set of structures LIMBIC SYSTEM- relies on neurotransmitter serotonin

  • AMYGDALA- size of almond, lateralised (one in each hemisphere) right responds to emotional signals from others

    → responds to startling and fearful stimuli (activity increases when shown pictures of others making angry or fearful expression)

90
New cards

First piece of supportive evidence for the brain abnormality explanation for mental illness

  • pine et al (1999)

  • Compared amygdala responsiveness in social phobics and clinically normal controls using an FMRI

  • Social phobics produced greater amygdala activity in response to fear and startle inducing stimuli than controls

  • Social phobics are more susceptible to fear evoking stimuli because of abnormalities in amygdala

91
New cards

Second supportive evidence

Haniur (2002) et al

  • identified a group of people with abnormality of the gene that codes for some of the serotonin receptors in the brain

  • FMRI data= abnormal receptor groups right amygdala more responsive to pictures of angry and fearful faces than controls

  • Phobias caused by abnormality in the brain (serotonin receptors)

92
New cards

Evaluation of the brain abnormality explanation of mental illness strengths

  • scientific equipment used to measure brain abnormality

  • Reductionist

  • Useful

  • Quasi IVs

  • Qualitative data (rich and meaningful)

  • Deterministic

  • Applications

93
New cards

evaluation of brain abnormality mental health weaknesses

  • no control brain (less scientific)

  • reductionist

  • less applications (brain surgery)

  • quasi

  • qualitative data (has to be interpreted)→ time consuming

  • socially sensitive (creates a stigma but also takes stigma away)

  • deterministic

  • Extraneous variables (scans affected by breathing, head motion ect)

94
New cards

BIOLICAL phenelazine

  • used to treat chemical imbalance

  • 15mg treats social phobia and depression

  • inhibits activity of Menominee oxidase inhibitor enzyme- increases concentration of serotonin and dopamine

  • increase of serotonin and dopamine reduces symptoms of social phobia

  • Leiboitz

95
New cards

leibowitz aim sample

  • aim- to investigate if the drug phenelazine can help treat patients with social phobia

  • sample- 80 patients meeting DSM criteria for social phobia, medically healthy, no phenelazine for at least 2 weeks before the trial

96
New cards

method leibowitz

  • IVs→ 8 weeks of treatment

    → 20 treated with phenelazine

    → 20 treated with placebo

  • DV- measuring social phobia before and after treatment

    → 2 self reports for social phobia (hamilton rating scale for anxiety and lieboitz social phobia scale

    → clinical assessment for social phobias using double blind

  • Lab, independent measures

97
New cards

result leibowitz

the phenelezine group had significantly better scores on social phobia tests than the placebo group

98
New cards

conclusion leibowitz

phenelezine is effective at treating social phobia after 8 weeks of treatment

99
New cards

biological treatment for schizophrenia

  • anti- psychotics block dopamine receptors by mimicking shape of dopamine neurotransmitter so less is transmitted

100
New cards

evaluation for phenelzine

Strengths

  • effective

  • quick

  • cheap for government and patients

  • easy to take

  • reductionist

  • improves quality of life

weaknesses

  • just treats symptoms, not understanding the cause

  • reductionist

  • have to remember to take it (1-3 times a day)

  • SIDE EFFECTS (serious fainting, weight gain, nausea, hypertensive crisis) (drug and food interactions can increase side effects)