APUSH AMSCO Unit 8.11

explain how and why various groups responded to calls for expansion of civil rights from 1960 to 1980

women’s movement

the increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and the sexual revolution all contributed to the movement’s renewal

Betty Friedan/The Feminine Mystique

gave the movement new direction by encouraging middle class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to traditional roles

National Organization for Women (NOW)

adopted the activist tactics of other civil rights organizations to secure equal treatment of women

Equal Pay Act of 1963/Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibited discrimination based on sex in employment; poorly enforced

Title IX

ended sex discrimination in schools that received federal funding

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

explained that equality under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex; just missed ratification

César Chávez

led the Latin American push for rights through boycotts

United Farm Workers Association

gained collective bargaining rights for Hispanic Americans in 1975

Hispanic Americans

a growing number were elected to public office; the largest minority group by 2000

American Indian Movement (AIM)

to achieve self-determination and revival of tribal traditions

Indian Self-Determination Act

gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement

Asian Americans

the fastest growing minority by the 1980s; well-represented in the best colleges and universities

gay rights movement

a police raid on the Stonewall Inn (a gay bar in New York City) sparked the movement and a riot; settled for “don’t ask, don’t tell” about sexual identity

Warren Court

made a series of decisions that profoundly affected the criminal-justice system, state political systems, and the definition of individual rights

Mapp v. Ohio

ruled that evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court

Gideon v. Wainwright

ruled that state courts must provide counsel for poor defendants

Escobedo v. Illinois

extended Gideon v. Wainwright; ruled that suspects have the right to have a lawyer present during questioning by the police

Miranda v. Arizona

extended the ruling in Escobedo v. Illinois; ruled that the police must inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent

reapportionment

the process of dividing seats for Congress in a state; normally favored rural areas

Baker v. Carr

declared reapportionment unconstitutional

one man, one vote

established by the Warren Court; meant that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all citizens

Yates v. United States

said that the 1st Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a “clear and present danger” to the safety of the country