WHAP Unit 5-6 & 3: Religious, Scientific, and Economic Transformations

What event initiated the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517.

What conflict was sparked by the Protestant Reformation?

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).

What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

The Peace of Westphalia.

What was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation, including the Council of Trent.

What was the role of the Jesuit order during the Counter-Reformation?

To spread Catholicism globally.

What cultural blend emerged in the Americas due to European colonization?

Mestizo cultures, blending European and Native American traditions.

What was the Jesuit approach in China, and why did it fail?

The approach of 'accommodation' failed due to the Pope banning ancestral rites.

What significant shift characterized the Scientific Revolution?

A shift toward inductive reasoning and the scientific method.

Who established universal laws of motion during the Scientific Revolution?

Isaac Newton.

What did the Enlightenment thinkers promote?

Religious tolerance, natural rights, and questioning absolute monarchy.

What was the significance of the Silver Trade?

It became the first global currency, creating a 'silver drain' into China.

What drove the European Fur Trade?

The 'Little Ice Age' and demand for furs.

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

The forced shipment of roughly 12.5 million Africans to the Americas.

What type of slavery characterized the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Chattel slavery, which was race-based and essential to the plantation economy.

What were the East India Companies?

British (EIC) and Dutch (VOC) companies granted government monopolies for trade.

What characterized the North American Revolution (1775-1787)?

It was a conservative revolution aimed at preserving existing liberties.

What was a radical outcome of the French Revolution (1789-1815)?

The execution of the king and the abolition of feudalism.

What was unique about the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)?

It was the only successful slave revolt in history.

Who led the Latin American Revolutions?

Creoles like Simón Bolívar.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on social classes?

The growth of the middle class and the struggles of the working class.

What was the 'Great Divergence'?

The initial industrialization of certain regions, creating wealth disparities.

What crisis did China face in the 19th century?

The Opium Wars and internal rebellions like the Taiping Uprising.

What reforms did the Ottoman Empire attempt?

Tanzimat Reforms to modernize military and law.

What was the outcome of Japan's Meiji Restoration?

Japan successfully Westernized and became an imperial power.

What was the 'New Imperialism' characterized by?

Faster, more intrusive colonization justified by Social Darwinism.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The division of Africa by European powers at the Berlin Conference (1884).

How did colonial education impact identity in Africa?

It created a new elite class and often blended Western education with local traditions.