BIRDS OF PREY NI DESPI

Birds of prey are also called raptors which came from the latin word?

raptare

Raptare means?

To seize and carry off

Birds of prey are classified in 3 orders

-Accipitriformes

-Strigiformes

-Falconiformes

This order contains the vast majority of diurnal raptors including ______ and _________

Accipitriformes, Eagles and Hawks

This order contains ______ which are nocturnal birds of prey

Strigiformes, owls

Falconiformes order contains only the?

Falcons and caracaras

Hawks are highly adaptable birds of prey found on every continent except?

Antarctica

All birds of prey have excellent eyesight but hawks have a visual accuracy around ___ times than of the human being

8 times

Hawks typically lay how many eggs?

1-3

Hawk hatchlings learn to fly at day _______

28-50

Hawk hatchlings reach sexual maturity at ______ years of age

1-2 years

Large, powerful raptors among the family accipitridae and are apex predators in most eco system

Eagles

Ecological roles of eagles

They cull the weak thus supporting the healthier prey population

Do eagles have low or high reproductive rate?

Low reproductive rate only producing 1-2 chicks per year

Are eagles monogamous or polygamous?

Monogamous

Female eagles reach their sexuality at __ years while male eagles reach theirs at __ years

5 years for females

7 years for males

They are aero-dynamic speedster at ____ miles per hour

Falcons, 240 miles per hours

From ____ feet above they can spot even the slightest movement in the ground

550 feet

What kind of nesting sites do they prefer?

Elevated nesting sites like cliffs or tall buildings

Falcons favor the warm or the cold?

warm

Falcons lay how many eggs?

2-6 eggs

Falcon hatchlings take about how many days to learn how to fly

42 days

Birds of prey live longer in the wild or in captivity?

Captivity

How long can birds of prey live in captivity?

30-50 years

This is a courtship display wherein the male and female fly high, lock talons and spin down ward in a cartwheel motion

Cartwheel courtship display

This is a small and sharp projection that helps sever the spinal cords of their prey

Tomial tooth

Birds of prey are most sensitive to sounds with frequencies between?

1 and 5 kHz

Birds of prey have an upper hearing limit of about?

10 kHz

Most diurnal birds are not sensitive to smell; however and exception is the ________ which can locate carrion from the air by relying solely on its sense of smell

Turkey vultures

The pectoral girdle consists of 3 main bones

-Scapula

-Coracoid

-Furcula

This muscle powers wing downstroke

Large pectoral muscle

This muscle powers upstroke via tendon passing through triosseal foramen

Supracoracoideus muscle

Birds have 12 cranial nerves, with the largest being the?

Cranial nerve 2- reflecting importance of vision

Unlike mammals most male birds of prey lack a?

phallus

Copulation occurs through?

a brief cloacal kiss

Which side of the ovary of the female reproductive system regresses during development?

Right ovary

What's the minimum dimension for the enclosures of small raptors like hawks?

3 x 1.5 x 2m

What's the minimum dimension for the enclosures of larger species like harriers and eagles?

12 x 6 x 4

What shape of aviary is recommended because they encourage natural flight patters?

Round or circular aviaries

Maintaining _____ conditions is vital for survival and release

feather condition

The most recommended diet for captive raptors is?

Whole prey

Is feeding a single type of food good for captive birds of prey?

No, it can lead to nutritional imbalances and deficiencies

If a fish based diet is used supplementation with what is necessary?

Thiamine and Vitamin E

what should you prioritize when handling raptors in dangerous locations such as busy roads or water bodies?

Safety

what size of leather gloves should be worn for small raptors?

wrist-length leather gloves

glove size for medium raptors?

mid-arm welding gloves

how should you approach a raptor if it faces danger (road, water)?

approach from the front to encourage it to move away safely

how do you secure the bird?

by controlling the legs and talons, using the 'basic leg grip'-- holding both legs close to the body with fingers positioned to prevent escape

this is recommended for carrying, holding the bird close to your body with wings gently closed, protecting the raptor and maintaining control

cradle hold

initial assessment includes?

behavior

posture

respiratory effort

visible signs of illness without excessive restraint

general physical examination includes what?

assessing body condition

weight measurement

examination of plumage, eyes, beak, ears, and feet for injuries or abnormalities

this test is used to assess respiratory health by comparing respiration rate before and after exercise or stress

endurance or stress test

what do you check for in eyes and eyelids examination?

symmetry, appearance, shape, discharge, wounds, swellings

what do you check for in beak examination?

appearance

grooves

cracks

splits

shape

what do you check for in nares examination?

symmetry

shape

foreign material

discharge

what do you check for in oropharynx examination?

color

swellings

caseous masses

blunted papillae

foreign bodies

what do you check for in ear examination?

symmetry

foreign bodies

discharge

what do you check for in neck/crop examination?

swellings

wounds

impaction

what do you check for in body examination?

wounds

swellings

pectoral muscle mass

ectoparasites

what do you check for in cloacal examination?

urate/feces seepage

swelling

masses

what do you check for in wings examination?

symmetry

wounds

swellings

fractures

feather integrity

what do you check for in tail examination?

swellings

feather integrity

what do you check for in uropygial gland examination?

size

shape

quantity and consistency of oil

what do you check for in legs examination?

symmetry

wounds

swellings

fractures

what do you check for in feet examination?

symmetry

grip strength

skin condition

temperature

swellings

wounds

talon condition

a major human-related threat is environmental contamination, particularly from ______________

poisoning

an organochloride pesticide that has been banned in many countries

DDT

this leads to the thinning of raptors' eggshells, nearly driving species like the peregrine falcon to extinction

DDT

a protozoal infection that causes lesions in a raptor's mouth and throat, making it difficult to eat and eventually leading to starvation

trichomoniasis

a fungal infection that can cause respiratory failure, especially for captive birds

aspergillosis

this causes vitamin D3 deficiency, calcium deficiency, or improper calcium:phosphorus ratio

Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD)

causative agent: Mycobacterium avium

Avian Tuberculosis

this is inflammation from poor perches, trauma, poor hygiene, nutritional deficiencies

pododermatitis

other name for pododermatitis

bumblefoot

this is caused by avian poxvirus

avian pox

this is caused by a flavivirus and is spread by Culex mosquitoes

west nile virus

is WNV zoonotic?

yes

this is a fungal infection of the Candida species in the GI tract

Candidiasis

other name for trichomoniasis

frounce

what causes frounce?

Trichomonas gallinae

this is caused by ingestion or exposure to lead

lead poisoning

Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act

RA 9147

Protection of the Monkey-Eating Eagle

RA 6147

this serves as the primary government agency responsible for enforcing wildlife protection laws

Biodiversity Management Bureau

the foremost authority on Philippines Eagle conservation

Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF)

named after the 'king bird' or haring ibon

Haribon Foundation

this specializes in raptor monitoring

Raptorwatch Philippines

this provides crucial expertise, funding, and support to Philippine conservation groups

The Peregrine Fund

IUCN classification for Philippine Eagle

critically endangered

IUCN classification for Philippine Hawk-Eagle

vulnerable

IUCN classification for Pinsker's Hawk-Eagle

Endangered

IUCN Classification for Philippine Serpent Eagle

least concern

IUCN classification for Philippine falconet

least concern