Personality Development Exam Review

children’s individual differences … predict adult outcomes

can

a … are variables that influence the connection between a personality trait and it’s outcomes, for example, high childhood conscientiousness is associated with increased longevity, the … variables are general healthy behaviours, stress management and self-regulation

mediation, mediating

psychological maturity includes more self-…, interpersonal … and emotional …

control, sensitivity, stability

psychological maturity allows us to be less impulsive, better members of …, but sometimes impulsivity is good for creativity and some careers so you can’t have it all

society

.. … … : people maintain ways they’re different from others in the same group. r is between 0.6 to … over a ten year span. this is due to the stability of personality traits

rank order consistency, 0.9

personality stability is higher is … people ad lower in … people

older, younger

personality differences are seen even before birth as detected through … level which can translate to later PA in childhood and cognitive adulthood. childhood personality differences can be detected by around age … to …

activity, 3-4

core emotional, cognitive, and behavioural characteristics around which later personality traits develop

temperament

… is stable across situations and time but less stable than …

temperament, personality

… : excitability, responsivity, and arousability of behavioural and physiological systems; how much stim. you need to get a response

… : how well reactivity is modulated; young children can’t really t=do this they need soothing/co-regulation from caregivers

reactivity, self-regulation

temperament is mostly … driven

biologically

… is similar to behavioural inhibition, but more specific, it results in higher arousal to new people and situations. sources are … and …

shyness, fear, self consciousness

the fear source of shyness is early emerges as it is a … emotion, self consciousness emerges later as it requires a sense of self … which develops at about 18-24 months, and a theory of … emerging at about 4 to 5 years old

primary, awareness, mind

… is the preference to be around others, it is not the opposite of shyness, they are two separate spectrums meaning they are …

sociability, orthogonal

those high in both shyness and sociability experience … shyness where they want to be around people but it is hard for them. they are more prone to depression and anxiety and have conflicting behaviours

conflicted

low shyness and low sociability—> …

low shyness and high sociability—> sociable

high shyness and high sociability—> conflicted …

high shyness and low sociability—> … shy

unsociable, shyness, avoidant

… … is the ability to inhibit dominant responses and to do the subdominant response instead, to plan ahead and detect errors—> focus and shift attention

effortful control

effortful control is not considered … control and is very helpful in social … as you will not miss plans, get distracted when hanging out

voluntary, relationships

the four issues with the thomas and chess model of attachment

1. categories (typological model)

2. researchers perspective and previous experience with babies causes bias

3. 35% of babies are uncategorized

4. so many different factors involved

four common factors of temperament differ in vocabulary between psychologists. the four common factors are …, …, …, and …

emotionality, extraversion, activity, persistence

… as termed by Rothbart, is the tendency to experience positive affect

surgency

the little six is used to describe children, correlated with temperament. it is the same as the big five, with an added factor for … with some other minor differences

activity

in the little six, N is correlated with negative …, A is correlated with prosociality/affiliation, C is correlated with effortful control/…, E is correlated with …/sociability, and O is correlated with …

emotionality, persistence, surgency, sensitivity

the same underlying processes underlie different behaviours at different ages: … …

heterotypic continuity

examples of heterotypic continuity include how activity in children is expressed as physical and … in adults and aggressiveness is expressed as physical in children and … in adults

cognitive, social

… tends to decrease overtime in life due to less opportunities to be social, more self-awareness.

… increases dramatically until puberty as children realize world is scary and they have responsibilities.

… is higher in early childhood, then dropped at adolescence and rises again into adulthood (like a U shaped)

extraversion, neuroticism, conscienciousness

… is not present in childhood temperament models and is largely only intellect. it converges with perceptual … in temperament.

It does increase between ages of 11 and 18 as adolescents can think …

openness, abstractly

birth order has a small impact on personality due to different environments given by parents. first borns are higher in … and …, middles are low in … and youngers are higher in … and …

C,N

C

O,A

… is how children learn to become members of society, AKA acculturation. cultures vary in what behaviour is considered acceptable, … enforces this and determines gender differences

socialization, conditioning

…-… approaches implies they everyone should act the same in a certain situation/circumstance, based on whether the behaviour elicits a pleasant or unpleasant response

learning-based

a part of behaviourism is …. , the impact of major life events lessens overtime. Believing an event will be way more impactful than it turns out to be is called … … which occurs in BOTH positive and negative situations

habituation, affective forecasting

… occurs when something you can conditioned to react to a certain way, elicits that response with other similar things

generalization

shortcomings of behaviourism as explained by the social learning theory

1. ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion

2. primarily animal… … research

3. ignores social dimension of learning

4. organisms treated as passive

… … : personality, behaviour, and environment have a reciprocal relationship, all determining each other

reciprocal determinism

… person-env. transaction —> seek compatible and avoid incompatible env.s

… person-env. transaction: diff ppl react differently to some events

… person-env. transaction: person’s personality causes behaviour to change env.

active, reactive, evocative

higher … with increased maternal negativity can cause child maladjustment

surgency

personality more stable as one matures due to better self understanding and more consistent env. behaviour reinforcements: … …

cumulative continuity

according to the social … theory, adult responsibilities and roles cause personality maturity. while in longterm relationships, C and self esteem increases, N decreases. becoming a parent causes … to increase overtime

investment, N