Amstud Period 4 MKT

Aaron Burr

Who: Tied with Thomas Jefferson during the election of 1800 → vice president

Sig: Killed Hamilton in a duel

Lewis and Clark

Who: They were sent on an expedition by Jefferson to explore the louisiana purchase territory

Sig: Greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region and more accurate maps and land routes

John Marshall

Who: Jefferson's cousin who served as chief justice of the supreme court (appointed by John Adams)

Sig: Helped increase the power/prestige of the federal court system. Very influential justice with lots of power.

Marbury v. Madison

What: One of Adam’s appointees, William Marbury sued for his commission to be a judge. First major case by John Marshall + put him in direct conflict with Jefferson

Sig: Established judicial review

McColluch v. Maryland

What: Case where Maryland attempted to tax the second national bank of the US

Sig: Established that federal laws are supreme over state laws + constitution gave federal government implied powers

Era of Good Feelings

What: A nickname for the period of Monroe's presidency. Federalists disappeared, democratic-republican party split into factions

Sig: Marked a period of political unity, strong nationalism, and economic growth

Economic Nationalism

What: Political movement to support the growth of the nation's economy

Sig: Prioritizes government involvement in the economy to serve the interests of the state and local businesses

Sectionalism

What: Loyalty to one's own region rather than the country

Sig: Increased division and will lead to conflict

Tariff of 1816

What: Tariff designed protect US manufacturers from foreign competition

Sig: First protective tariff in US history

Henry Clay

Who: Leader in the house of reps from Kentucky who negotiated numerous compromises.

Sig: Proposed the american system to increase economic growth (protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements)

American System

What: Three part system proposed by henry clay to increase economic growth (protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements)

Sig: Promoted economic growth and national unity

2nd Bank of the US

What: Second federally authorized national bank in the US designed to regulate currency and provide financial stability after the war of 1812.

Sig: Led to the panic of 1819 after the bank tried to control inflation.

Missouri Compromise

What: Missouri entered the union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. All states north of the 36th parallel would be free and the south would be slave.

Sig: Preserved balance between free states and slave states, but increased sectionalism across the nation

War Hawks

What: A group of young, influential democratic republicans in congress who were eager for war with britain.

Sig: Demonstrated rising nationalism in the US and contributed to the shift towards more assertive US foreign policy.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

What: British warship Leopard fired on American ship Chesapeake when the americans refused to let the british search the ship for deserters.

Sig: Increased anti-british feelings and eventually led to the war of 1812.

Embargo Act of 1807

What: Prevented American merchants from sailing to any foreign port in hopes that Britain would stop violating the US's rights.

Sig: Backfired on the US and devastated the economy.

Andrew Jackson

Who: He was the seventh president of the US and his presidency was often called the age of the common man.

Sig: He opposed the national bank and federal spending. Overall, his presidency led to tension that would break in the civil war.

Treaty of Ghent

What: Treaty that officially ended the war of 1812.

Sig: Restored pre-war boundaries without addressing issues like impressment.

Monroe Doctrine

What: An american foreign policy that opposed outside involvement in the western hemisphere.

Sig: Increased nationalism in the US and increased american influence in the world

Erie Canal

What: Canal in New York that linked western farms with eastern cities.

Sig: Improved transportation, led to lower food costs in the east.

Eli Whitney

Who: invented the cotton gin, interchangeable parts

Sig: His invention revolutionized cotton production and allowed for the mass production of goods

Lowell System

What: Labor system where young women were employed and housed in company dormitories.

Sig: Represented a shift towards factory based production, increased opportunities for women, highlighted poor working conditions.

Cotton Gin

What: A machine invented by Eli Whitney to remove seeds from cotton fiber.

Sig: Revolutionized cotton production, growing cotton was more important → increased demand for slavery.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

What: Declared that labor unions were lawful as long as they were peaceful

Sig: Important step towards improving labor rights.

Universal white male suffrage

What: All white males, regardless of property ownership, could vote and hold office.

Sig: Reinforced racial and gender exclusions as women and people of color weren't allowed to vote.

Anti-masonic party

What: Political party that opposed freemasonry

Sig: First third party in the US that highlighted corruption and elite power → future movements focused on this.

Spoils System

What: Practice where political supporters were rewarded with government jobs regardless of their qualifications.

Sig: Led to inefficiency and corruption in the US

Indian Removal Act

What: Forced the resettlement of thousands of native Americans west of the mississippi river.

Sig: Trail of tears - Devastated the native american population and many died from disease and conflicts with other tribes.

Cherokee nation v. Georgia

What: Case where cherokee fought over georgia’s laws over their land

Sig: Ruled that the Cherokee were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. Highlighted limitations of foreign sovereignty

Worcester v. Georgia

What: Ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within cherokee territory

Sig: Recognized legal rights of native americans, but the decision was ignored.

Nicholas Biddle

What: President of the second bank of the US

Sig: Tried to keep the bank functioning while Jackson opposed it.

Pet banks

What: State chartered banks chosen by Jackson to receive federal deposits after he vetoed the second bank of the US.

Sig: Contributed to economic instability in the 1830s and led to the panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

What: Major financial crisis in the US caused by the collapse of state chartered banks.

Sig: Led to a long period of economic instability due to unemployment and widespread bank failures.

Tariff of 1828

What: Aka the tariff of abominations - protective tariff designed to protect and promote american industries

Sig: Intensified sectionalism as south believed it favored northern industries at their expense.

Nullification Crisis

What: Conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs that the state didn't enforce, claiming they were unfair.

Sig: Highlighted growing struggle between states' rights and federal power

Utopia

What: A perfect society where everything is ideal

Sig: Influences social and political thought and reflects humanity's desire for ideal living conditions.

Antebellum

What: Period of american history right before the civil war

Sig: Intense social, political, and economic changes took place → contributed to growing tensions between north and south.

Transcendentalists/Transcendentalism

What: Group of new england thinkers that focused on the inherent goodness of people, intuition, and feelings

Sig: Shaped various movements in the period and had a strong influence on literature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Who: Popular writer and speaker who was a transcendentalist

Sig: Promoted individualism and was against the idea of slavery.

"On Civil Disobedience"

What: Essay by Thoreau that says people should not blindly follow the government's unjust laws and that they should reject it peacefully.

Sig: Inspired Gandhi and MLK in their peaceful protests.

Hudson River School

What: Artistic movement that produced romantic paintings of landscapes, particularly the hudson river.

Sig: Celebrated expression of national identity. Reflected democratic and reforming impulse of the Age of jackson - increase in paintings of everyday things 

Second Great Awakening

What: New developments of christianity in the US

Sig: Left an impact on American society and led to a greater emphasis on personal faith.

Charles Finney

What: Key figure in the second great awakening

Sig: Greatly influenced religious landscape of America (abolition and women's rights)

Joseph Smith

What: Founder of the Mormon church (church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)

Sig: Creation of the Mormon religion which continues to have a major influence in the US, people continue to follow in the US today

Brigham Young

What: Second president of the mormon church who led mormons to Utah where they established Salt Lake City.

Sig: Ensured the survival of the Mormons during a period of persecution.

Seneca Falls Convention

What: First woman's rights convention where activists gathered to discuss social, civil, and religious rights.

Sig: Drafted the declaration of sentiments which demanded equality for women (and the right to vote)

Frederick Douglass

What: Escaped slave who became a leading abolitionist

Sig: Significant in improving rights for african americans and was one of the most influential voices in the US for racial equality.

Denmark Vesey

Who: Slave from South Carolina who bought his freedom with money he won in a lottery and planned a slave rebellion.

Sig: He was a symbol of resistance against slavery and though the rebellion was unsuccessful, it highlighted the fear of slave rebellion among southern whites.

Nat Turner

Who: Led Nat Turner's rebellion in Virginia which resulted in the deaths of around 60 whites.

Sig: His rebellion led to stricter slave codes and increased tensions between north and south.

Slave codes

What: Laws in the South that defined the status of enslaved people.

Sig: It legally codified the dehumanization and exploitation of African americans.