7. Sociolinguistics 3

apparent time

measured by comparing speakers of different ages in a single speech community at a single time

COHA

Corpus of Historical American English

community of practice

a group of people who come to develop and share ways of doing, talking, beliefs, values, as a function of their joint engagement in activity

dense social network

all members know each other

loose social network

not all members know each other, but central members who everyone knows

mobility

moving from one place to the other, moving up and down the social scale

real time

time as we know it, studies a development in time → can be over years but also days

s-curve model of language change

y axis= Number of form (0%-100%)

x axis = time

Initiation phase (1): slow start

expansion phase (2): things go up rapidly

termination phase (3): the change has happened

not affected (4): residue → both variations may be used

social class

a group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living

social network

groups of people on the basis of factors which are more idiosyncratic, e.g. who your friends are, etc.

stable variation

when a language feature or variant lasts in a speech community for a long time

uniplex

a network tie between individuals that expresses one role or basis for contact and interaction

multiplex tie

where people are connected in more than one way, are usually strong ties