AP Euro Continuous Study Guide (Faeh)

Semester 1 only

Baroque Architecture Characteristics

Complex
Rich use of symbolism and decoration
Preceded by Neoclassical/classical architecture

Baroque Art Characteristics

Dramatic

“Chiaroscuro” - Strong contrasts between and exaggerations of dark and light colors

Emotional

How did Louis XIV control the nobles?

Mandatory stay at the Palace of Versailles for at least part of the year
Intendants to govern the provinces and take power away from pre-existing province governments (parlements)

Locke v Hobbes

Locke: Natural right to life, liberty, and property
Humans are naturally a blank slate

Hobbes: Humans are naturally belligerent and flawed, need a strong overarching government to keep them under control

One example of an absolutist ruler

Louis XIV

Examples of an absolutist/strong and centralized state

Dutch Republic, Prussia, England, France

Divine Right

Kings are chosen by/responsible only to God

Some of Colbert's (Louis XIV's finance minister) actions

Raised tariffs on foreign goods, lowered internal tariffs

Europe's colonialism and establishment of overseas trading post led to...

Focus on the Atlantic instead of the Mediterranean

The Edict of Nantes, what is it and why was it created

What it did: Religious tolerance for the Protestants of France (Huguenots)

How it came to be: Created after the French Wars of Religion to prevent more conflict between the Catholics and Protestants

Act of Supremacy

Henry VIII breaks from the Catholic church and forms a new one with the King of England as its leader.

Was an example of the consolidation of power undertaken by New Monarchs, in this case the new monarch, Henry VIII, took control of the religion England to gain more influence over his people

Women's role during the Reformation

People began questioning and proposing new ideas regarding women's role in society

Food security in 16th century Europe

Threatened due to a growing population, more people to feed

Economy was stagnant, wages decreased

Introduction of new staple foods from the New World fixed this issue, gave Europe easy to cultivate and nutritious sources of food

Thirty Years' War

Conflict fought between the Catholics and Protestants of the Holy Roman Empire
Many powerful European states got involved, such as France and Sweden
Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia, which granted independence to new Protestant states such as the Dutch Republic and Switzerland and began the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain as prominent powers in Europe

Influence of the Printing Press

Allowed for the fast production and spread of literature, which led to the standardization of language but also the rapid spread of new ideas and ideologies/religions such as Protestantism

Inquisition

Order created by the Catholic Church to weed out dissent

Jesuits

Military order created by the Catholic Church to revive Catholicism around the world
Responsible for tens of thousands of conversions to Catholicism

Mercantilism

Export more than you import
Need for colonies to create more self-reliance and influx of resources to sell to other nations
Led to colonial wars
Wealth is gained through specie (cash like coins, silver, gold)

English Civil War

Charles I calls Parliament into session for the first time in over 10 years in order to fund the response to the Scots' Revolt
Parliament instead seizes the opportunity to pass laws granting them more power
Charles I storms Parliament and tries to arrest some members, Parliament responds by raising an army (Roundheads), so does Charles (Cavaliers)
Roundheads beat the Cavaliers, Charles I eventually executed
Oliver Cromwell establishes Puritan dictatorship (He is the 'Lord Protector')

Glorious Revolution

Cromwell's "Puritan Republic" is succeeded by the restoration of the monarchy following his death
The two monarchs are unpopular and pro-Catholic
James II is overthrown peacefully (this is the Glorious Revolution part) and replaced by the Dutch William of Orange and his wife Mary
William signs the English Bill of Rights, granting Parliament a constitutional monarchy (Parliament shares power with the monarch)

Protestantism

Martin Luther, upset by the abuses of the Catholic Church (staples 95 Theses to the doors of his church)
Sola Scriptura (Bible is only authority)
Sola Fide (Whether you go to heaven or not is based on faith alone, not worldly deeds)
Some Branches: Calvinism, Anglicanism, Anabaptism

Peter the Great

Absolutist
"New Monarch"
Wished to westernize and modernize Russia
Forced the nobles to westernize with him (cutting off their beards, the old ways are ditched in favor of adopting Western European ways)
Traveled and studied all around Europe (disguised as well)
Modernized the army
Fought Sweden and the Ottomans, secured Azov and the Baltics (warm water ports)
Built a powerful navy

Louis XIV

Absolutist
Centralized the French government, took power away from nobles
"New Monarch"
Also known as the Sun King
Fought many wars due to his expansionist policy, such as against Spain in order to capture the Spanish Netherlands
Lost most of the wars, skyrocketed deficits
Revoked Edict of Nantes, reestablished the Catholic Church's dominance over France

Galileo

Ideas: Earth is one part of a much larger universe, the universe is not perfect, all planets have flaws. Proponent of Heliocentrism

New ideas in science/astronomy (and Scientific Revolution)

Before: Geocentrism, the ideas of ancient philosophers such as Aristotle

After:

Heliocentrism

Elliptical Orbits

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Skepticism

The heart works like a “pump” or a piece of machinery

Nature can be understood with science and observation Emphasis on science, reason, and observation = Rationalism

Newton

Laws of Universal Gravitation

Principia

Synthesized the ideas of all the previous Enlightenment thinkers

Enlightenment thinkers

Embraced the Scientific Revolution, applied it to society, most were deists

Voltaire

Anti-organized religion, favored the ideas of Newton

Diderot

Atheist, Encyclopedia (collection of knowledge)

Locke

Individual freedoms, democratic government

Montesquieu

Balance of power (Checks and Balances), constitutionalism

Hume

Religious skeptic, knowledge through observation

Condercet

Equality for all (including women)

Rousseau

Government represents the “general will” of the people, education reform that emphasizes a positive experience for the child but excludes women, as women are ‘best for domestic duties such as breastfeeding’ << very rude! >:(

Francis Bacon and Descartes

Their ideas formed the basis for the Scientific Method

Bacon: Inductive Reasoning (Empiricism: Observation and experiment = knowledge)

Descartes: Deductive Reasoning (“I think there I am”), your existence is the only thing that is given as a fact, everything else must be questioned

Deism

God is the “watchmaker,” doesn’t interfere with the Universe, only set it into motion

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment ideas should be extended to women, equality for all, challenged Rousseau’s education reform

Economic ideas during the Enlightenment

“Laissez-faire” = let it be

Economy is ruled by the ‘invisible hand’ of a free market

wealth is gained through land, not cash

similar to Natural Law

Adam Smith (“Wealth of Nations”) = father of Capitalism

Why did major European colonial powers fight over control of the Atlantic?

In order to secure more imports of luxury goods such as sugar and coffee

Why was Britain the dominant power by the end of the 1700s?

Britain’s access to resources and improvements in finance and industry

How did European political relationships stay the same from the end of the 1700s and into the 1800s?

European powers cooperating in order to curb France’s expansionism, as the end of the 1700s saw the beginning of the French Revolutionary wars and the Napoleonic Wars, which didn’t end until 1815. This means that the new cooperation between European states in response to French aggression persisted into the early 19th century.

Romanticism

Emphasis on emotion and nature as the true source of improvement for society and morality, promoted by Rosseau

French Rev. Causes

France was broke from various deficits, especially from American Revolutionary War

Heavy tax burden on Third Estate, the first two estates were exempt

Social Inequality, Third Estate was 98% of population but not given rights

Bad Harvests created a food crisis, bread prices skyrocket

King Louis XVI, weak leader and incompetent

Marie Antoinette was unpopular and widely disliked

Enlightenment ideals influencing French intellectuals

Estates System

First Estate - Clergy

Second Estate - Nobility

Third Estate - Everyone else

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Embodied by Estates-general, a rarely used legislative body that gave one vote to each estate, which meant the third estate was constantly outnumbered by the other two upper class estates

National Assembly

Unhappy with the unequal Estates-General, the Third Estate walks out and declares that they are the official representative government.

“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

Tennis Court Oath

National Assembly locked out of meeting hall, protests by meeting in a Tennis Court and vowing to never disband, demands a new constitution

Liberal Phase of French Rev.

Monarchy replaced with the First Republic

Storming of the Bastille

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Women’s March on Versailles

Constitution of 1791

Radical Phase of French Rev.

Jacobins and Robespierre

Marat

Reign of Terror

Anti-Christianity

Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Robespierre

Law student turned revolutionary

Led the Committee for Public Safety

Led the Jacobins

Responsible for the Reign of Terror, execution of the King and his wife

Executed his own colleague, Danton, when he turned against the killings

Eventually arrested, attempts to commit suicide, but fails and he is executed

The Great Fear

Summer 1789

Peasants rise up against rural landowners

Nobles flee

Motivated by the fear of government crackdown on the French revolution

Important French Rev. Dates

Start, 1789

Constitution, 1791

Reign of Terror, 1793-1794

Napoleon takes over, 1799

Constitution of 1791

Constitutional Monarchy established, legislative assembly has lawmaking power

Flight to Varennes

Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee France, caught in Varennes and arrested

Branded as traitors

End of constitutional monarchy

War of 1792

Austria and Prussia vow to protect the monarchy of France, France responds by declaring war

Major factions in French Rev.

Jacobins - Radicals

Girondins - Moderates

Marat

Radical jorunalist who was behind the mass paranoia of the Reign of Terror and supported the overthrow of the Girondin, stabbed to death in his bath

Committee of Public Safety

Essentially the secret police

Led the war effort

Instigated the Reign of Terror

The Directory

Established after the Radical Phase of the French Rev.

Five man group

Weak, corrupt, incompetent

Overthrown by Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military coup, establishes First French Empire

Conquers most of Europe

Fails to conquer Great Britain, established failed Continental System to blockade Britain

Big mistake: Invades Russia

Abdicates, exiled

Returns from exile briefly, exiled again after his defeat at Waterloo

Dies on St. Helena island

Napoleonic Wars

1803-1815

Holy Roman Empire gone, replaced with Confederation of the Rhine

France the most powerful nation on the European continent

Russia Austria defeated at Austerlitz

French Satellite Nations: Spain, Austria, Prussia, Italian states, German states

End with the Battle of Waterloo in 1815

Led to the growth of nationalism, especially in Germany

Napoleon Domestic Reform

Napoleonic Code: All men equal under the law

Government Centralized

Fair Tax System

Bank of France

Expanded Education

Return of the Church to France

Sexist, women’s role in society reduced

Napoleon Curtails Rights

Secret Police

Censorship

Husbands control wives

Continental System

Napoleon’s attempt to blockade Britain by banning Europe from trading with Britain

Impossible to enforce, leads to many wars in order to stop countries from trading with Britain, most notably the invasion of Russia

Invasion of Spain (Peninsular War)

French intended it to be a quick victory, they saw themselves as liberating the Spanish from archaic medieval ways

Spanish initiated brutal guerrilla war that drained French resources

Latin American revolts due to Spain’s sudden lack of power

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon invades with 600,000 men

Russia retreats, refusing to face the invading French army

Russians use scorched earth tactic, leaving the French reliant on their own supplies rather than living off the land

When the French reach Moscow, it is on fire

Napoleon has to retreat, Russians slowly pick off what remains of the French army

Only 100,000 make it out alive

Leads to the invasion and defeat of France by its former allies

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon escapes exile and is welcomed back into France

Combined British and Prussian army meet Napoleon at Waterloo, defeated

Napoleon exiled to St. Helena, where he dies in 1821