Studied by 31 people
Baroque Architecture Characteristics
Complex Rich use of symbolism and decoration Preceded by Neoclassical/classical architecture
Baroque Art Characteristics
Dramatic
“Chiaroscuro” - Strong contrasts between and exaggerations of dark and light colors
Emotional
How did Louis XIV control the nobles?
Mandatory stay at the Palace of Versailles for at least part of the year Intendants to govern the provinces and take power away from pre-existing province governments (parlements)
Locke v Hobbes
Locke: Natural right to life, liberty, and property Humans are naturally a blank slate
Hobbes: Humans are naturally belligerent and flawed, need a strong overarching government to keep them under control
One example of an absolutist ruler
Louis XIV
Examples of an absolutist/strong and centralized state
Dutch Republic, Prussia, England, France
Divine Right
Kings are chosen by/responsible only to God
Some of Colbert's (Louis XIV's finance minister) actions
Raised tariffs on foreign goods, lowered internal tariffs
Europe's colonialism and establishment of overseas trading post led to...
Focus on the Atlantic instead of the Mediterranean
The Edict of Nantes, what is it and why was it created
What it did: Religious tolerance for the Protestants of France (Huguenots)
How it came to be: Created after the French Wars of Religion to prevent more conflict between the Catholics and Protestants
Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII breaks from the Catholic church and forms a new one with the King of England as its leader.
Was an example of the consolidation of power undertaken by New Monarchs, in this case the new monarch, Henry VIII, took control of the religion England to gain more influence over his people
Women's role during the Reformation
People began questioning and proposing new ideas regarding women's role in society
Food security in 16th century Europe
Threatened due to a growing population, more people to feed
Economy was stagnant, wages decreased
Introduction of new staple foods from the New World fixed this issue, gave Europe easy to cultivate and nutritious sources of food
Thirty Years' War
Conflict fought between the Catholics and Protestants of the Holy Roman Empire Many powerful European states got involved, such as France and Sweden Ended with the Treaty of Westphalia, which granted independence to new Protestant states such as the Dutch Republic and Switzerland and began the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain as prominent powers in Europe
Influence of the Printing Press
Allowed for the fast production and spread of literature, which led to the standardization of language but also the rapid spread of new ideas and ideologies/religions such as Protestantism
Inquisition
Order created by the Catholic Church to weed out dissent
Jesuits
Military order created by the Catholic Church to revive Catholicism around the world Responsible for tens of thousands of conversions to Catholicism
Mercantilism
Export more than you import Need for colonies to create more self-reliance and influx of resources to sell to other nations Led to colonial wars Wealth is gained through specie (cash like coins, silver, gold)
English Civil War
Charles I calls Parliament into session for the first time in over 10 years in order to fund the response to the Scots' Revolt Parliament instead seizes the opportunity to pass laws granting them more power Charles I storms Parliament and tries to arrest some members, Parliament responds by raising an army (Roundheads), so does Charles (Cavaliers) Roundheads beat the Cavaliers, Charles I eventually executed Oliver Cromwell establishes Puritan dictatorship (He is the 'Lord Protector')
Glorious Revolution
Cromwell's "Puritan Republic" is succeeded by the restoration of the monarchy following his death The two monarchs are unpopular and pro-Catholic James II is overthrown peacefully (this is the Glorious Revolution part) and replaced by the Dutch William of Orange and his wife Mary William signs the English Bill of Rights, granting Parliament a constitutional monarchy (Parliament shares power with the monarch)
Protestantism
Martin Luther, upset by the abuses of the Catholic Church (staples 95 Theses to the doors of his church) Sola Scriptura (Bible is only authority) Sola Fide (Whether you go to heaven or not is based on faith alone, not worldly deeds) Some Branches: Calvinism, Anglicanism, Anabaptism
Peter the Great
Absolutist "New Monarch" Wished to westernize and modernize Russia Forced the nobles to westernize with him (cutting off their beards, the old ways are ditched in favor of adopting Western European ways) Traveled and studied all around Europe (disguised as well) Modernized the army Fought Sweden and the Ottomans, secured Azov and the Baltics (warm water ports) Built a powerful navy
Louis XIV
Absolutist Centralized the French government, took power away from nobles "New Monarch" Also known as the Sun King Fought many wars due to his expansionist policy, such as against Spain in order to capture the Spanish Netherlands Lost most of the wars, skyrocketed deficits Revoked Edict of Nantes, reestablished the Catholic Church's dominance over France
Galileo
Ideas: Earth is one part of a much larger universe, the universe is not perfect, all planets have flaws. Proponent of Heliocentrism
New ideas in science/astronomy (and Scientific Revolution)
Before: Geocentrism, the ideas of ancient philosophers such as Aristotle
After:
Heliocentrism
Elliptical Orbits
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Skepticism
The heart works like a “pump” or a piece of machinery
Nature can be understood with science and observation Emphasis on science, reason, and observation = Rationalism
Newton
Laws of Universal Gravitation
Principia
Synthesized the ideas of all the previous Enlightenment thinkers
Enlightenment thinkers
Embraced the Scientific Revolution, applied it to society, most were deists
Voltaire
Anti-organized religion, favored the ideas of Newton
Diderot
Atheist, Encyclopedia (collection of knowledge)
Locke
Individual freedoms, democratic government
Montesquieu
Balance of power (Checks and Balances), constitutionalism
Hume
Religious skeptic, knowledge through observation
Condercet
Equality for all (including women)
Rousseau
Government represents the “general will” of the people, education reform that emphasizes a positive experience for the child but excludes women, as women are ‘best for domestic duties such as breastfeeding’ << very rude! >:(
Francis Bacon and Descartes
Their ideas formed the basis for the Scientific Method
Bacon: Inductive Reasoning (Empiricism: Observation and experiment = knowledge)
Descartes: Deductive Reasoning (“I think there I am”), your existence is the only thing that is given as a fact, everything else must be questioned
Deism
God is the “watchmaker,” doesn’t interfere with the Universe, only set it into motion
Mary Wollstonecraft
Enlightenment ideas should be extended to women, equality for all, challenged Rousseau’s education reform
Economic ideas during the Enlightenment
“Laissez-faire” = let it be
Economy is ruled by the ‘invisible hand’ of a free market
wealth is gained through land, not cash
similar to Natural Law
Adam Smith (“Wealth of Nations”) = father of Capitalism
Why did major European colonial powers fight over control of the Atlantic?
In order to secure more imports of luxury goods such as sugar and coffee
Why was Britain the dominant power by the end of the 1700s?
Britain’s access to resources and improvements in finance and industry
How did European political relationships stay the same from the end of the 1700s and into the 1800s?
European powers cooperating in order to curb France’s expansionism, as the end of the 1700s saw the beginning of the French Revolutionary wars and the Napoleonic Wars, which didn’t end until 1815. This means that the new cooperation between European states in response to French aggression persisted into the early 19th century.
Romanticism
Emphasis on emotion and nature as the true source of improvement for society and morality, promoted by Rosseau
French Rev. Causes
France was broke from various deficits, especially from American Revolutionary War
Heavy tax burden on Third Estate, the first two estates were exempt
Social Inequality, Third Estate was 98% of population but not given rights
Bad Harvests created a food crisis, bread prices skyrocket
King Louis XVI, weak leader and incompetent
Marie Antoinette was unpopular and widely disliked
Enlightenment ideals influencing French intellectuals
Estates System
First Estate - Clergy
Second Estate - Nobility
Third Estate - Everyone else
Embodied by Estates-general, a rarely used legislative body that gave one vote to each estate, which meant the third estate was constantly outnumbered by the other two upper class estates
National Assembly
Unhappy with the unequal Estates-General, the Third Estate walks out and declares that they are the official representative government.
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly locked out of meeting hall, protests by meeting in a Tennis Court and vowing to never disband, demands a new constitution
Liberal Phase of French Rev.
Monarchy replaced with the First Republic
Storming of the Bastille
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Women’s March on Versailles
Constitution of 1791
Radical Phase of French Rev.
Jacobins and Robespierre
Marat
Reign of Terror
Anti-Christianity
Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Robespierre
Law student turned revolutionary
Led the Committee for Public Safety
Led the Jacobins
Responsible for the Reign of Terror, execution of the King and his wife
Executed his own colleague, Danton, when he turned against the killings
Eventually arrested, attempts to commit suicide, but fails and he is executed
The Great Fear
Summer 1789
Peasants rise up against rural landowners
Nobles flee
Motivated by the fear of government crackdown on the French revolution
Important French Rev. Dates
Start, 1789
Constitution, 1791
Reign of Terror, 1793-1794
Napoleon takes over, 1799
Constitution of 1791
Constitutional Monarchy established, legislative assembly has lawmaking power
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI and his family attempt to flee France, caught in Varennes and arrested
Branded as traitors
End of constitutional monarchy
War of 1792
Austria and Prussia vow to protect the monarchy of France, France responds by declaring war
Major factions in French Rev.
Jacobins - Radicals
Girondins - Moderates
Marat
Radical jorunalist who was behind the mass paranoia of the Reign of Terror and supported the overthrow of the Girondin, stabbed to death in his bath
Committee of Public Safety
Essentially the secret police
Led the war effort
Instigated the Reign of Terror
The Directory
Established after the Radical Phase of the French Rev.
Five man group
Weak, corrupt, incompetent
Overthrown by Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte
Military coup, establishes First French Empire
Conquers most of Europe
Fails to conquer Great Britain, established failed Continental System to blockade Britain
Big mistake: Invades Russia
Abdicates, exiled
Returns from exile briefly, exiled again after his defeat at Waterloo
Dies on St. Helena island
Napoleonic Wars
1803-1815
Holy Roman Empire gone, replaced with Confederation of the Rhine
France the most powerful nation on the European continent
Russia Austria defeated at Austerlitz
French Satellite Nations: Spain, Austria, Prussia, Italian states, German states
End with the Battle of Waterloo in 1815
Led to the growth of nationalism, especially in Germany
Napoleon Domestic Reform
Napoleonic Code: All men equal under the law
Government Centralized
Fair Tax System
Bank of France
Expanded Education
Return of the Church to France
Sexist, women’s role in society reduced
Napoleon Curtails Rights
Secret Police
Censorship
Husbands control wives
Continental System
Napoleon’s attempt to blockade Britain by banning Europe from trading with Britain
Impossible to enforce, leads to many wars in order to stop countries from trading with Britain, most notably the invasion of Russia
Invasion of Spain (Peninsular War)
French intended it to be a quick victory, they saw themselves as liberating the Spanish from archaic medieval ways
Spanish initiated brutal guerrilla war that drained French resources
Latin American revolts due to Spain’s sudden lack of power
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon invades with 600,000 men
Russia retreats, refusing to face the invading French army
Russians use scorched earth tactic, leaving the French reliant on their own supplies rather than living off the land
When the French reach Moscow, it is on fire
Napoleon has to retreat, Russians slowly pick off what remains of the French army
Only 100,000 make it out alive
Leads to the invasion and defeat of France by its former allies
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon escapes exile and is welcomed back into France
Combined British and Prussian army meet Napoleon at Waterloo, defeated
Napoleon exiled to St. Helena, where he dies in 1821
Note 
Flashcard (102)