ha fucntions

np.array()

used to create an array (grid of values) from data provided as lists, tuples, etc

np.arrange()

generates an array with evenly spaced values within a given range

np.exp()

calculates the exponential of all elements in an input array, specifically it computes the base-e exponential function

np.sqrt()

returns the non negative square root of an element-wise input array; operates on each element & computes the square root

ackley function

commonly used as a benchmark problem in optimization & known for its many local minima

np.random.rand()

generates random floating point numbers from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1

np.random.standard.normal()

generates random floating point numbers from a standard normal distribution, with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1

np.random.uniform()

generates random floating point numbers drawn from a uniform distribution over a specified range

np.random.randint()

used to generate random integers within a specified range

np.argsort()

returns the indices that would sort an array along a specified axis

np.argmax

returns the index of the max values in an array along a specified axis

time.time()

returns the current time in seconds since jan 1, 1970