Semester 2 Final Exam Vocab Review Set 1: DNA and Protein Synthesis Mrs. K

nitrogen base

The chemicals that make up the RUNGS of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.

guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

cytosine

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA

adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine inDNA

thymine

nitrogen base found ONLY in DNA that pairs with adenine

uracil

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA); pairs with adenine

nucleotide

building block of DNA made up of deoxyribose, a phosphate , and a nitrogen base

amino acid

building blocks of protein molecules

deoxyribose

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides

hydrogen bond

weak bond found between two nitrogen bases within a molecule of DNA

base pairing

bonds in DNA that form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

phosphate group

together with either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA) make up the backbone of a DNA or RNA molecule

ribosome

a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

codon

three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

frameshift mutation

mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait/protein

double helix

Shape of DNA

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA that produces two new identical double helixes.

steps of protein synthesis

1. Transcription

2. Translation

Transciption

1st step of protein synthesis where part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA (a gene) is copied into a complementary sequence in mRNA

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed