Human Factors

Disciplines of Human Factors

• Psychology

• Physiology

• Anthropometry/Biomechanics

• Ergonomics

SHELL MODEL

• Software (procedures, symbology, etc.)

• Hardware (machine)

• Environment

• Liveware (Human)

• Liveware (human)

FACTORS THAT AFFECT WELL BEING OF OPERATIONAL PERSONNEL

• Fatigue

• Body rhythm disturbance

• Sleep

• Health and Performance

• Stress

COMPONENT DECISION-MAKERS SHOULD CONSIDER WHEN DEFINING THE STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZATION

• Complexity - This includes the required number of managerial level, the required division of labour and job specialization (departments and sections)

• Standardization - Related to the complexity of the job and the level of professionalism of employees

• Centralization - centralization of the formal decision-making process

• Adaptability to the environment - this is the key to the success and ultimately to the survival of organizations

DIRTY DOZEN ( LACK OF)

1. Communication

2. Resources

3. Assertiveness

4. Teamwork

5. Awareness

6. Knowledge

DIRTY DOZEN (Abundance of)

1. Pressure

2. Stress

3. Norms

4. Fatigue

5. Disruptions

6. Complacency

HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

What management can do to take an active stance on safety

1. Allocation of resources

2. Safety programmes and safety feedback systems

3. Standard operating procedures

4. Internal feedback and trend-monitoring systems

5. Risk management

Important Characteristics of Liveware

1. Physical size and shape

2. Physical needs

3. Input characteristics

4. Information processing

5. Output characteristics

6. Environmental tolerances

In order to cope up with change, ATC systems must include

1. The provision of better data to the controller

2. The replacement of manual functions by automated versions

3. Automated data handling and presentation

4. Automated assistance for cognitive human tasks such as problem solving and decision making

5. Flexible use of airspace, based on operational requirements rather than geographical boundaries

6. A change from short-term, tactical interventions which solve problems that arise, to strategic pre-planning of efficient traffic flows to prevent problems from arising