THE INNATE IMMUNITY & RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Innate Immune System

The first line of defense against pathogens, using physical barriers and non-specific immune responses.

Key components of Innate Immune System

Skin, mucous membranes, inflammation, interferon, complement system, fever, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Adaptive Immune System

Characterized by specificity and memory, involving B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages.

B Lymphocytes

Responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies that target specific antigens.

T Lymphocytes

Involved in cell-mediated immunity; includes CD8 cytotoxic T cells and CD4 helper T cells.

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells like macrophages that engulf pathogens and present antigens to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response.

Immunological Memory

The ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Antibodies that play a key role in the immune response, with different classes serving various functions.

Active Immunity

Established through exposure to antigens, either through infection or vaccination, allowing for the development of immunological memory.

Mechanisms of Antibody Action

Antibodies tag pathogens for destruction by other immune cells, enhancing the immune response efficiency.

CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells

Directly kill infected or cancerous cells using perforin.

CD4 Helper T Cells

Enhance the immune response by stimulating other lymphocytes.

Regulatory T Cells

Help downregulate the immune response to prevent autoimmunity.

Clonal Selection

The process by which specific T-cells are activated and proliferate in response to an antigen.

Macrophages

Arise from monocytes, engulf pathogens, and present antigens to T-cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity.

Respiratory System Functions

Supply oxygen (O2) to the body and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) through various processes.

Conducting Zone

Includes passageways (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) that cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air.

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange, consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs with thin walls and extensive capillary networks facilitating efficient gas exchange.