Orbitals and Electron Configuration (with rules and exceptions)

s orbital

• spherically shaped

• 1 sub orbital

• max 2 e-

p orbital

• dumbbell shaped

• 3 sub orbitals

• max 6 e-

d orbital

• clover shaped

• 5 sub orbitals

• max 10 e-

d_x2-y2

d_z2

f orbital

• 7 sub orbitals

• max 14 e-

d4 exceptions

Cr, Mo

d4 exceptions’ configuration

s¹d⁵

d9 exceptions

Cu, Ag, Au, Rg

d9 exceptions’ configuration

s¹d¹⁰

Tc config

[Kr] 5s¹4d⁶

Ru config

[Kr] 5s¹4d⁷

Rh config

[Kr] 5s¹4d⁸

Pd config

[Kr] 4d¹⁰

Pt config

[Xe] 6s¹5d⁹

Electron configurations for anions

add electrons in the same order as usual

Electron configurations for cations in the first two groups

Remove last electron added

Electron configurations for cations of transition metals

remove s sub orbital’s electrons first, then d sub orbital’s electrons

isoelectronic

an atom and ion are isoelectronic if they have the same electron configuration