A&P planes, regions, organ systems, and body cavities

anatomy and physiology

the structures and their functions

what is the standard anatomical position

relaxed, standing with feet apart and palms facing forward - so no bones cross each other

coronal plane

An imaginary plane where the body is cut into anterior and posterior parts.

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

sagittal plane

wither mid or para - divides body into left and right halves or parts

superior vs inferior

upper vs lower

cranial vs caudal

towards the head vs towards the feet

ventral or anterior vs dorsal or posterior

front vs back

superficial vs deep

nearer the surface; farther away from the body surface

medial vs lateral

toward midline vs away from midline

proximal vs distal

parts on the same appendage that relate to the nearness to the point of attachment distal is farther

abdominal quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

abdominal regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

cephalic region

head area

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

nasal

nose

auricular

ears

buccal

cheek area

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cranial

surrounding the brain

occipital

back of the head

cervical region

neck

thoracic

chest region

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

pectoral

chest

sternal

sternum

coxal

hip

inguinal

groin

vertebral

spinal

lumbar

lower back

sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

gluteal

buttock

perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

deltoid

also called acromial- shoulder

brachial

upper arm

antecubital

front of elbow

olecranial/cubital

elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

dorsum of the hand

back of hand

manus

hand

palmar

palm

digitals

fingers and toes

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

popliteal

back of knee

peroneal / fibular

side of leg

crural

shin

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel

plantar surface

sole of the foot

pes

foot

tarsal

ankle

dorsum of the foot

top of the foot

integumentary system

hair skin and nails - used for protection, vitamin d production, houses sweat and oil glands

skeletal system

bones and joints - used for structure, support, movement, forms blood cells and houses minerals

Muscular System

skeletal muscles - used for thermoregulation and motion

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and nerves - used as a control system and is very fact acting

endocrine system parts

pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

endocrine system roles

secretes hormones that regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism

cardiovascular system

blood vessels and heart - transports blood

lymphatic systems

aid for cardiovascular and immune systems, includes thymus, red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

Resperitory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs - system that blood supplied with oxygen and does gas exchange

digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus - breaks down food and eliminates waste

urinary system

kidney, ureters, bladder - eliminates waste, regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance of blood

reproductive parts and role

male - prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens,

female - mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina - makes offspring and sustains them

two main body cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal cavities and roles

protects nervous system

cranial - contains brain vetebral - contains spinal cord

ventral cavities and roles

houses internal organs divided into two - thoracic and abdominalpelvic

thoracic cavities

pleural, pericardial, mediastinum

pleural cavities

contain the lungs

mediastinum

precardial cavity that surrounds thoracic organs

precardial cavity

encloses the heart

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

serosa

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane

viceral serosa

covers the internal organs

parietal serosa

touches the cavity walls

seros fluid

fluid between serosa that reduces friction

epi

above

hypo

below

chondria

cartilage