Enzyme Function and Cell Organelles Overview

Enzymes

Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Activation Energy

Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

Substrates

Specific molecules enzymes bind to for reactions.

Active Site

Region on enzyme where substrate binds.

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor competes with substrate for active site.

Non-competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds elsewhere, altering enzyme shape.

Uncompetitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds enzyme-substrate complex, preventing reaction.

Nucleus

Stores DNA and controls gene expression.

Rough ER

Involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Smooth ER

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Vesicle

Membrane-bound structure for transporting materials.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes to digest waste and debris.

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and detoxify substances.

Vacuoles

Storage sacs for food, water, and waste.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two layers of phospholipids forming cell membrane.

Membrane Proteins

Function as receptors, channels, or transporters.

Carbohydrates

Form glycoproteins and glycolipids for cell signaling.

Cholesterol

Maintains membrane fluidity and stability.

Fluidity

Allows lateral movement of proteins and lipids.

Selective Permeability

Membrane allows certain molecules to pass.

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules without energy input.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement against concentration gradient.

Simple Diffusion

Movement of small molecules through lipid bilayer.

Facilitated Diffusion

Transport of larger molecules via membrane proteins.

Hypertonic Environment

Higher solute concentration outside, causing cell shrinkage.

Hypotonic Environment

Lower solute concentration outside, causing cell swelling.

Channel Proteins

Form channels for specific molecules to pass.

Carrier Proteins

Bind and transport specific molecules across membrane.

Primary Active Transport

Direct use of ATP to move molecules.

Secondary Active Transport

Uses ion gradient created by primary transport.

Scientific Method

Systematic approach to investigate phenomena.

Observation

Noticing a phenomenon or problem.

Hypothesis

Educated guess about the observation.

Experiment

Testing the hypothesis through controlled methods.

Analysis

Reviewing data collected from experiments.

Conclusion

Drawing conclusions based on experimental data.

Reporting Results

Sharing findings through reports or presentations.