ap lit grammar

What are the 5 ways a word can function?

1. Subject

2. Verb

3. Object

4. Modifier

5. Conjunction

What are the functions of each word in this sentence: I ran to the store and found some candy.

I = Subject

ran = Verb

to the store = modifier

and = conjunction

found = verb

some = modifier

candy = object

What’s the order of how sentences go?

Subject, verb, object

What are the 8 parts of speech?

1. noun

2. pronoun

3. adjective

4. preposition

5. verb

6. adverb

7. conjunction

8. interjection

What is a noun?

Person, place, thing, or idea

Ex: Boy, office, train, belief

What does a noun function as?

Subject and/or object

How can a noun function as a subject?

Actor of the action in a sentence

How can a noun function as an object?

Receiver of the action in a sentence, who or what is the action being done to?

Ex: The hungry children chased the ice cream truck (noun)- object of the chasing

What are the 2 type of verbs?

Action and state of being verbs

What is an action verb?

If you can do it, it is a verb

What is a state of being verb?

Come off the “to be” verbs

Ex: is, are, was, were, be, being, been, am

What are the 2 types of being verbs?

Linking and helping

What is a helping verb?

A verb that helps a verb/ will always be connected to another verb

Ex: She is running late. I will call you.

What is a linking verb?

A verb that will not be connected to another verb

Ex: She is a teacher. They were happy.

What is a pronoun?

Something that replaces/takes the place of a noun

What are the 4 major types of pronouns?

1. Definite

2. Indefinite

3. Reflexive

4. Relative

What is a definite pronoun?

Something that is clear what noun the pronoun is replacing

Ex: The dog wagged ITS tail (its replaces dog)

What are the 3 cases of definite pronouns?

1. Subjective

2. Objective

3. Possessive

What does a subjective definite pronoun do?

Replaces a noun functioning as a subject

What does an objective definite pronoun do?

Replaces a noun functioning as an object

What does a possessive definite pronoun do?

Shows possession of an object

What is an indefinite pronoun?

When the noun that is being replaced is not clear or is non-existent

Ex: Someone, everyone, each, many, all

Can an indefinite pronoun function as a subject or an object?

Yes

Ex: Someone stole my keys. That car belongs to someone.

What is a reflexive pronoun?

The self pronouns (myself, himself)

What is the rule for reflexive pronouns?

Use the reflexive pronoun only when the actor does the action to the actor. The subject is the object.

Ex: The boy hit himself because he forgot his homework

BAD: You should give the letter to Bob or myself

What does a relative pronoun do?

Functions as both the subject and subordination

What are the relative pronouns?

That, which, who, whom, whomever, whoever, whose, sometimes, what, where, when

What is a conjunction?

A conjunction joins 2 or more parts of a sentence together. It can join words, phrases, or clauses

Ex: The girl walked to the store AND bought pizza

What are the 2 major types of conjunctions?

Coordinating and subordinating

What is a coordinating conjunction?

Make parts of the sentence equal, always joins the same parts of a sentence: noun to noun, phrase to phrase, clause to clause

What is the acronym for a coordinating conjunction?

FANBOYS

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

What is a subordinating conjunction?

Makes a clause lesser, turns an independent clause into a dependent clause

How do I spot a subordinating conjunction?

It’s always at the beginning of a clause and cannot be moved from there

NO: Often, I ride my bike

YES: Because I ate a pizza, I’m full

What is an adjective?

A word, phrase, or clause that describes/modifies a noun or pronoun

What is an adverb?

A word, phrase, or clause that describes/modifies a verb, adverb, and adjective

Does an adverb function as a modifier?

yes

What parts of speech is well and good? (different)

Well: Adverb

Good: Adjective

What is a preposition?

Links a noun that comes after it to another noun or verb in the sentence, starts a prep phrase

Does a preposition function as a modifier?

yes

Can the subject of a sentence be in a prep phrase?

NO

What is an interjection?

A sentence interrupter to show emotion, separated by punctuation

What is a phrase?

A group of words that is lacking a subject and/or verb, usually functions as a modifier, can sometimes be the subject

What are the 3 major types of phrases?

Verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase

What does a verb phrase lack?

A subject

What does a verb phrase start with?

A verb

What are the 2 -ing phrases?

Gerund and participle

What does a gerund phrase function as?

A noun

What does a participle phrase function as?

Modifier

What is an infinitive?

Has “to” in front of the verb

Ex: to dance

What does a noun phrase lack?

A verb/predicate

What does a noun phrase start with?

A noun

What is a prepositional phrase?

Preposition + noun

What does a prepositional phrase lack?

Subject and verb

Can the subject of the sentence be in a prepositional phrase?

No

What is a clause?

A group of words that has a subject and a verb (if it lacks either of those, its a phrase)

What are the 2 types of clauses?

Independent and dependent

What does an independent clause need?

A subject and a verb/predicate

Can an independent clause have a subordinating conjunction?

No

What is an imperative independent clause?

A one word command

Ex: Sit!

What does a dependent clause need?

A subject, verb, and subordinating conjunction

What 2 things are considered fragments?

Phrases and dependent clauses

What are the 2 ways to fix a fragment?

1. Attach it to an independent clause

2. Make it into an independent clause, add what’s missing or take away the subordinating

What is a run-on?

2 or more independent clauses joined improperly

What are the 5 ways to fix a run-on?

1. Period and capital

2. Semicolon

3. Comma and a FANBOY

4. The colon

5. Subordinate all but one of the clauses

What does an introductory dependent clause or phrase functioning as a modifier need to be separated by?

A comma

Can you separate introductory clauses/phrases functioning as the subject with a comma?

No

Should a dependent clause/phrase that comes after the verb be separated by a comma?

No