World Civilization 2 Test 3

Otto von Bismarck

The German statesman who unified Germany in the 19th century.

Danish War

A conflict in 1864 in which Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark.

Austro-Prussian War

The 1866 war that resulted in the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.

Franco-Prussian War

The 1870-1871 conflict between France and Germany that united German states under Prussian leadership.

Zionism

A movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel.

T. Herzl

The founder of the modern political movement for Jewish nationalism.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy in the late 19th century that aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Opium Wars

Two conflicts in the mid-19th century between China and Western powers, primarily over trade routes and opium.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China between 1899 and 1901.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A U.S. naval officer who opened Japan to the West with his fleet in 1853.

Belgium and Leopold

King Leopold II of Belgium exploited the Congo Free State for its resources during the late 19th century.

African colonization

The process through which European powers established colonies in Africa during the late 19th century.

League of the Three Emperors

An alliance established in the 19th century between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Britain, France, and Russia formed in the early 20th century.

Balkan Wars

A series of conflicts in Southeast Europe from 1912 to 1913 over territory.

Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination sparked World War I.

Serbia

A Balkan nation whose conflict with Austria-Hungary contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

Blank check and the ultimatum

Germany's support of Austria-Hungary against Serbia, leading to war.

Schlieffen plan

Germany's military strategy to ensure a quick victory over France by invading through Belgium.

Trench warfare

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Ottoman Empire

A historical empire that included parts of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I to attack enemy shipping.

Woodrow Wilson and the Fourteen Points

U.S. president's post-WWI peace proposal aiming for a just and lasting peace.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Reparations

Payments demanded from Germany after World War I to compensate for damage.

Yugoslavia

A Balkan state formed after World War I that later experienced ethnic conflict.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted through the 1930s.

1929 Stock market crash

The dramatic decrease in stock prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

J. M. Keynes

A British economist who advocated for government intervention in the economy during the Great Depression.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The U.S. president who implemented the New Deal to address the Great Depression.

New Deal-relief, recovery, and reform

A series of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery in the U.S.

Overproduction

A situation where production exceeds demand, leading to economic imbalance.

Totalitarianism

A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and seeks to regulate every aspect of public and private life.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned.

Vladimir Lenin

The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the first head of Soviet Russia.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that led the October Revolution in 1917.

Peace, Land and Bread

The slogan of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution, promising peace to soldiers, land to peasants, and food to all.

New Economic Policy

Lenin's economic policy that allowed some private enterprise to stimulate the economy.

Joseph Stalin

The Soviet leader who succeeded Lenin and established a totalitarian regime.

Great Purges

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s.

5 Year plans

Stalin's government plans to rapidly industrialize and collectivize agriculture in the USSR.

Collectivization

The policy of consolidating individual land and labor into collective farms.

Benito Mussolini

The Italian dictator who founded Fascism and led Italy during World War II.

March on Rome

The 1922 event where Mussolini's Fascist forces seized power in Italy.

Fascism

An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government.

Hitler and his philosophy

The beliefs of Adolf Hitler, including extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and expansionism.

Lebensraum

The Nazi policy of territorial expansion for the German people.

Fuhrerprinzip

The leadership principle central to Nazi ideology, emphasizing absolute authority of the leader.

Mein Kampf

The autobiography of Adolf Hitler that outlines his political ideology and plans for Germany.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice and discrimination against Jews.

Himmler’s SS

The paramilitary organization under Heinrich Himmler that played a key role in the Holocaust.

Nazi party

The National Socialist German Workers' Party led by Adolf Hitler.

Goebbels and propaganda

Joseph Goebbels was the Nazi propaganda minister who promoted Hitler's ideology.