Bio Chapter 8
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46 Terms
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Griffith
The scientist(s) who **experimented with bacteria in mice**, concluding that a “transforming material” was transferred to make bacteria deadly
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Avery
The scientist(s) who **identified DNA** as a transforming principle that **transfers onto offspring**
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Hershey & Chase
The scientist(s) who provided evidence that **DNA is genetic material**
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Franklin
The scientist(s) who used X-Ray imagery to **first suggest DNA’s helical shape**
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Watson & Crick
The scientist(s) who developed an accurate **model of DNA’s 3D structure**
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Nucleotide
A monomer that composes DNA & RNA
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Phosphate Group, Sugar, & Nitrogen Base
The parts of nucleotides
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Hydrogen Bond
The bond between nitrogen bases in DNA
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Covalent Bonds
The bond between sugar & phosphate in DNA
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T & C
The nitrogen bases that are pyrimidines
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A & G
The nitrogen bases that are purines
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Pyrimidines
The category of nitrogen bases with a single ring
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Purines
The category of nitrogen bases with double rings
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A & T
The pair of nitrogen bases forming a double hydrogen bond
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C & G
The pair of nitrogen bases forming triple hydrogen bonds
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Deoxyribose
The sugar DNA has
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Ribose
The sugar RNA has
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Antiparallel
The sides of DNA are ______, meaning they face opposite directions
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5’ to 3’
DNA Replication goes from __ to __
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Creates copies
Replication does this to DNA
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DNA Helicase
The **enzyme** that first **unzips the sides of DNA** by breaking hydrogen bonds
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DNA Polymerase
The **enzyme** that **matches nucleotides** to create a **duplicate of the DNA**
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Semiconservative
DNA replication is _______, meaning **part of it is conserved**
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Uracil
The chemical RNA has instead of thymine
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Single
RNA is _______ stranded
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Messenger RNA
The type of RNA that acts as a **messenger between DNA** in the nucleus **and the ribosomes**
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Ribosomal RNA
The type of RNA that **forms part of the ribosome**
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Transfer RNA
The type of RNA that **translates the code** from **mRNA to proteins**
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Transcription
The process **converting DNA to RNA**
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Translation
The process **interpreting mRNA to amino acid chains** forming proteins
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Nucleus
The place transcription begins
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RNA Polymerase
The enzyme that helps **unzip the DNA** as the first step converting it to RNA
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Codon
The group of 3 nucleotides mRNA is read in
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Anti-codon
The group of 3 nucleotides on tRNA
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attatched
tRNA is _____ to an amino acid
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reads
The tRNA _____ the codon (mRNA) to create the amino acid
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Mutation
A change in an organism’s DNA
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Print Mutation
A single gene mutation in which **one nucleotide is substituted for another**
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Frameshift
A single gene mutation in which a base is **inserted or deleted** from the DNA sequence, **shifting the entire sequence**
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Noncoding Region
A mutation may occur in a _______, a part of a chromosome where **genetic material isn’t read**, so it won’t affect the organism
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Gene Duplication
A chromosomal mutation in which an organism has **2 or more copies of the same gene**
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Gene Translocation
A chromosomal mutation in which **DNA is exchanged** between **2 different chromosomes**
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Sex Cells
Mutations in these cells affect offspring
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Body Cells
Mutations in these cells do not affect offspring
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Replication Errors or Mutagens like UV and Chemicals
What causes genetic mutations?
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Genetic code goes from DNA to RNA to Proteins
The Central Dogma of biology