AP World History-Unit 1: Global Taperstry (1200-1450) Princeton Review Flashcards

Religious Mysticism

Adherents to different religions who focus on mystical or transcendent experiences that bring the, closer to the divine.

Monastics /Bhaktas

Buddism /Hinduism: dedicated life to meditation to break attachment

Monks/Sufi’s

Christianity/ Islam: use practices of prayer for direct experience with god

Buddhism: Location

India(Birthplace), China, SEA, Japan

Siddhartha Gautama

Hindu kind who rejected his money to find meaning of human suffrage and sit under a tree, to meditate: when he became divine doing this he became know as Buddha.

Four Noble Truths

The things buddies have to follow(no supreme beings)

Life=suffering

Suffering=desire

You can get rid of desires

You eliminate desires but following eight fold path

Theravada

The most close to original form of Buddhism focusing on meditation, simplicity, and nirvana being human consciousness and way of self(no suffering) you have reached enlightenment

Mahayana Buddhism

Complicated form of Buddism involving greater ritual to than Buddha specified, hypotheses on other forms of Buddism. Spread more because of its openness to ideas and such

Christianity(Location)

Europe, North Eastern Africa, and Parts of Middle East. Originally a splinter group of Jews(spread quickly).

Jesus Nazareth

Claimed to be messiah(religious figure Jews had awaited).

Jewish teacher

People were attracted to his teachings of love god and human beings

Annexed by Roman&Jewish Leaders

Followers believe he rose from the dead

Son of god

Christianity(Beilfs)

Forgiveness of sins and everlasting life is the reward if through belief in divinity, death, a resurrection of Jesus.

World was made by a sovereign god but harmony has fallen from gods will

Follwers are expected to know God to worship him and practice love and service to him and the rest of humanity

Confuisim(location)

China

Confucius

Educator and political advisor with huge influence in China, he attracted followers who helped ante his traveling s and other who collected these thoughts in Analects which had produced influence on both chemise thinking POLITICALLY AND SOCIALLY.

Confusion Relationships

Ruler-Subject

Parent-Child

Husband-Wife

Older-Younger

Friend(smart)-friend(dumb)

Filial Piety

Respect for your elders

Confucianism beliefs

Has fundamental and ethical parts but is more focused on deal with political and social order within a country. Doesn’t have large philosophical issues such as salvation or after life. Persons must live up the structural relationship in order for society to be in order

Hinduism(Location)

THE HOMELAND

Brahma

The supreme being in Hinduism all Hindu gods are a manifestation of this being

Vishnu

Preserver

Shiva

Destroyer

Dharma

Rules and obligations of the caste you are born into

Moksha

Break free of the cycle of life and death and become one with the Brahma.

Hinduism(Belifs)

Life goal is to merge with the Brahma: this task is impossible in lifetime Hindus belive in rebirth

You rebirth into a new caste based on your karma in previous life

Once you get enough good karma based on role you merge with Brahman

Caste System

Hindu social structure with different castes determining you role in society and what you must accomplish

Brahmins (priests/teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors/rulers), Vaishyas (traders/farmers), and Shudras (laborers),

Vedas/Upanishads

Hindu book of prayers

Islam(Location)

Originally living under the Islamic caliphates in the Middle East but spewed to North Africa, Central Asia, & Europe.

Muhammad

Allah transmitted his words into this prophet whose followers began to record those words in the Quaran.

Shia

Leaders of the Islamic faith have to be form mommads bloodline(religious and political leader)

Has become just religious in many areas caliph title doesn’t exists

Sunnī

People as leaders of Islamic religion can be elected(political and social)

Has become more social recently

This caliph title doesn’t EXSIST

Five Pillars

Salvation is won by submission to the will of god. Done through theses.

Confession of Faith

Prayer Five Times A Day

Charity For Needy

Fasting for Ramadan

Pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia

Judaism(Location)

Hebrew in a gene form in the Middle East, now Jews are spread all over the world(Diaspora): but concentrated in Israel

Hebrew Bible

The Torah & Other Sects of the Old Testament of Christianity

Jewish Beliefs

They are created by a personal sovereign of and the world was created for them to have free will.

The goal is parasite reached with divine home.m

Center is the awareness of a unique relationship with god

Has many aspects of traditional religions(afterlife & doctrines) but has less focus

Hebrew bible has miracles, laws and historical chronicles, & poetry + prophecy formed as social customs(SOCAIL AND CULTURAL EFFECT)

Jewish Founding

First major monotheistic race

God selected the Hebrews and made himself know to them. If they followed his laws and worshipped him and were faithful he would persevere them for all time. They became the Jews

Abbasid Dynasty

750 C.E. To 1258

Islamic Empire which was eventually drafted by the mongols

Oversaw the golden age of Islam-Baghdad.

Built around trade

Had internal struggles(Sunni and Shia Islam and ethnic tensions) then enslaved Turkish wars revolted and established Samara in Iraq, which led destabilized empire a lot. Outside empires also built the up pressure especially other Islamic empires which were Shia sects of Islam. These empires carved out certain sections of this empire.

Sunni Islam but it rose to power with Shia Support.

Mamluks

Groups which rose to power from the ashes of the Abassid Caliphate. They were from Egypt and debated the Mongols when they were trying to take over the Abbasid Caliphate in Nazareth. Before they retired to Egypt and practiced Islam. Because of Mongol invasions Islam’s future was at stake but these groups helped save Islam.

Baghdad

In modern day Iraq

Became the world’s greatest cultural exchange centers at the time. It had a grand library as the House of Wisdom. It was the center of innovation in mathematics and medicine.

Scholars here preserved much of Roman and Greek knowledge often translating it into Arabic and keeping some of the original copy’s. They spread this back to Europe later on(Europeans translated it back or got the original copy).

Nasir Al Din Al Tusi

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was a scientist and mathematician.

• He studied space (astronomy) and math

• Worked during/after the Abbasid Caliphate

• Helped improve earlier Greek ideas

Mongols(simple definition)

nomadic people who built a large empire under Genghis Khan

Middle Ages

Period After the Fall of the Rome and Before the Renaissance, Divided in two factions the East was under the Byzantine Empire(eastern orthodox Christian)

The west was split into various different empires including (Britain, France, Spain, etc.). At the start things weren’t really defined on state lines and a feudal system was used, but torts the end nation states started maturing with less feudalism but it still existed.

Feudalism

European system of organizing the goverment in the Middle Ages. It was a social ecnomcy and political system with a very strict hierarchy. Held back European society and led to more reliance on the Roman Catholic Chruch.

Nobles

In exchange for military support and loyalty were granted power of section of land in the kingdom,

Vassals

Anyone who would inherit land

Lords

Owner of the land who are responsible loyalty too

Knights

Protected the land and got section form it. They could also own it or just protect it. They were essentially vessels with an owning aspect. The peasants responded to them. If they were the last vessel in line they lived on the land with there peasants.

Serfs(peasants)

Peasants which worked and served on the land

They developed a lot of good skills which helped Europeans get back into trade again, which eventually led to the end of feudalism.

They were kind of imprisoned but like not bc they got stuff from there lords like protection and food.

William The Conqueror

William the Conqueror:

• Won England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings

• Made himself owner of all land

• Gave land to nobles, who gave it to knights → built feudalism

• Strong Monarchy

Manga Carta

Magna Carta:

• Signed in 1215 by King John

• Said the king can’t have unlimited power

• Nobles forced the king to follow laws too

• Established the English Parliament

• Decentralized more power and helped Feudalism.

Interregnum

A period between kings which happened in Germany, where several kingdoms formed after the reign families took control(1200). This allowed for trade or more power feudalism bc power became regional. Italy followed suit.

Hanseatic League

Trade organization which emerged out of the different German empires, during the interregnum.

King Hugh Carpet

Rules a small areas of Paris and his people next in line grew the French empires along these lines.

Joan of Arc

• A teenage girl from France

• Claimed God told her to help France win

• Helped lead the French army during the Hundred Years’ War

• Helped France win an important victory at Orléans

• Captured and executed by the English

Queen Isabella(outside this time period)

Ruler of Castile(present day Spain) who came to power once there were several Spanish kingdoms and she married one of the kings of other and united Spain under one kingdom.

Isabella I of Castile

• Queen of Castile (Spain)

• Married Ferdinand II of Aragon → united Spain

• Helped centralize power (strong monarchy, less feudal power)

• Funded Christopher Columbus in 1492

• Supported the Spanish Inquisition

Ferdinand(outside this time period)

Ferdinand II of Aragon:

• King of Aragon from 1479–1516

• Married Isabella I of Castile

• Together, they united Spain

• Helped strengthen royal power (less feudal control)

• Supported exploration (like Columbus)

Spanish Inquisition

• Started in 1478 by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile

• Goal: make Spain religiously unified (Catholic)

• Targeted people who were suspected of not truly being Catholic (like some converted Jews and Muslims)

• People were investigated and punished if accused of heresy

• Created fear and pressure to confor

Tatars

A group of Mongols form the East under Genghis Khan which rules a large chunk of Russia for two centuries, lead to a cultural rift which further spilt Eastern & Western Europe.

Ivan the 3rd(outside this time period)

Declared him the Czar(Russian ruler) after Mongol Ruler. After Mongol power was delinking and the Russians princes of Muscovy grew in power. He expanded Muscovy territory(area surrounding Moscow) in much of Morten day Russian,

As center of Eastern Orthodox Church Moscow was declared the third Rome.

Ivan The Terrible (outside this time)

Had centralized power over the entire Russian sphere, ruling ruthlessly using secret police against one nobles. Nationalism was strong.

Song Dynasty

960 C.E.-1279

Emptied Neo-Confusions as much of the state structure and built its government off this.

Had much Buddhist influence(Mahayana & Chan-Zen-especially). Won many converts is upper classes becuase of spiritual backing and lower classes becuase of non rigid structure.

Buddism also faced backlash with confusions so they decided to combine it into a state structure that the Sing will rely on. To prevent conflict.

Foot Binding

A woman feet would be bound shortly after birth in an effort to keep them small as small feet were seen as feminine. Particed by elite families because they didn’t need the women to walk.

Fedulaism (Japan)

A fedulaism system which emerged in Japan superset form European society that was the way of ruling for all this period. Started in 1192 when the emperor gave Minamoto no Yoritomo the triple of the shogun. Didn’t really resist Chinese influence but practiced selecting things it liked about Chinese culture and adopting it.

Shogun

The cheif in general which held all the power within a kingdom.

Damiyo

Land owning nobility which gave loyalty to the king and got land in return

Samauri

Would gte sections of Damion land to prospects there job was to mange that land a such and they would get a profit off it.

Code of Bushido

Code which the Samaritan class had to follow to protect lands it stressed loyalty, courage, h8nit so much so that if a samurai failed to prospect land they would kill the selves.

Delhi Sultanate

A Islamic empire in India established by trucking nomadic people. Becuase the sultan didn’t like Hindu religious partices he tired to spread Islam to Hindus through a tax for non-Muslims, violence, Sufi mystics and just persuasion. This did lead to some conflict. The emperor’s didn’t make that much of a difference converting.

Despite, this the empire made progress in buildings of mosques(working together), irrigation system, colleges being built. And some North Indians did convert when a major part of south India remained Hindu.

Rajput kingdoms

A collection of Hindu kingdoms that were largely independent of one another. They did adhere to some degree of unity to pit up resistance against invading Muslim for new. But feel to the jugular in 1527.

Vijaynagar Empire

South India-Hindu

Sinhala Dynasties

Modern day Sri-Lanka both Buddhist and Hindu Rulers

Srivijaya Empire

Modern day Indonesia a

Buddhist but converted to Islam’s but the end of the 13th century.

Major trading post empire

Sukhhothal Kingdom

Modern day Thailand

Theravada Buddhist

Majapahit Empire

Modern day Indonesia

Hindu with Buddhist living amount empire Islam enters ins 15th century and Muslims establish sultanate in 100 years.

Khmer Empire

Hindu empire in Southeast Asia (shows evidence of Hinduism going across the Indian Ocean trade routes) despite being an ethnic religion.

Tolerance of other religions(Buddhist populations which lived here) and strong economy controlled by women. Thais or chemise began to migrate more and more with Mongol rule, they brought the end of this empire.

Angkor Wat

Building in the Khmer empire which hoped to show everything about Hinduism world. Shows the complex architecture which came to play during this empire.

Hausa Kingdoms

A collection of kingdoms off the Niger River which archived Ecnomic stability due its trading colonies with the Europeans and middle eastern, it also received much religious include form here as well. The most populations city of Kano was a destination for traders who centuries through Western Africa.

Tenochtitaln

The capital of the Aztec empire which served as a cultural center for the Aztecs.

Mita systems

Inca system where you had to serve your time for govemrnt taxes.

Tribute system

Aztec tributes system was when they get captives and sacrifice them. Especially form the states which they conquered.