science final review guide

primary function of carbohydrates

short term energy

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

polymers of carbohydrates

polysaccharides

primary function of lipids

long term energy

primary function of proteins

all cellular functions

monomers of protein

amino acids

polymers of proteins

proteins

primary function of nucleic acid

storing and passing genetic information

monomers of nucleic acid

nucleotides

polymers for nucleic acid

nucleic acid

metabolism

Obtain and use materials and energy

stimulis

Respond to the environment

homeostasis

Maintain a stable internal environment

Evolution

change in population over time

covalent bonds

bonds between two atoms that share energy

hydrogen bond

weaker covalent bond between a hydrogen atom and a negatively charged atom

ionic bond

electrosn are transferred from one atom to another

adhesion

when water molecules cling on to other surfaces

cohesion

when water molecules cling on to each other

solutions

when a solid can dissolve in a liquid when partial charges interact

suspensions

when a solid can’t dissolve in a liquid

PH level below 7 with alot of H+

acidic solution

PH level above 7 with little H+

basic solution

PH level at 7 and H+ and OH are equal

nuetral solution

catalyst

alter the requirements for chemical reactions (heat)

enzymes

biological catalyst made from proteins

role of enzymes

lower the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions

anabolism

when catalyst build up big molecules

catabolism

when catalyst break down big molecules into smaller ones

chemical reactions

when molecules hit at a specific angle with a certain amount of energy to create new molecules

activation energy

enegry requiered for chemical reactions

The effect of tempature

When temperature increases, enzyme activity increases to a point known as optimal temperature

the effect of PH

When pH increases or decreases, the H+ and OH charges will change. has optimal PH level

the effect of substrate concentration

When substate concentration increases, enzyme activity increases

organism

a single living thing

population

group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area 

community

many populations of different species living in the same area 

ecosystem

all the organisms (biotic factors) in one place, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors in that area. 

biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and similar types of organisms 

biosphere

all the places on Earth where life exists 

Biotic factors

Living parts of an environment 

abiotic factors

Nonliving parts of an environment 

weather

day-to-day conditions of Earth’s atmosphere

climate

long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation over many years

Greenhouse effect

gases that trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere, causing it to warm  

tropical zone

where the sun's rays hit Earth the most directly

temperate zones

where the sun's rays hit the Earth less directy then the tropical zones, but more directly then the polar zones

polar zones

where the suns rays hit earth the least directly

global winds

Wind current is caused by heat being unequally distributed across the atmosphere. Earth’s rotation causes winds to move east to west in the temperate zones and west to east in the tropical/polar zones

ocean currents

driven by warm/cool air and the placement of the continents

regional climate

Shaped by latitude, winds, ocean currents, mountains, and water 

Changes in Climate

Involves changes in temperature, clouds, winds, patterns and amounts of precipitation, and the frequency and severity of extreme weather events.

Photosynthesis

process that uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen

Chemosynthesis

process that uses chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

Autotroph/primary producers

organisms that captures energy from nonliving sources and converts it to a form that cells can use

Consumers/Heterotrophs

Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients

Carnivore

eats only other animals

Herbivore

only eats plants

Omnivore

eats both plants and animals

Detritivore

chew up detritus and digest it

scavenger

animals that consume other animals that are already dead

Decomposer (saprotroph)

chemically break down organic matter outside of the body 

food chain

a series of organisms in which energy is transferred from one organism to another.

food web

a network of feeding interactions representing a community of organisms.

Pyramid of Energy

Show the amount of energy available at each level of the food chain

Biomass Pyramid

illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter in each trophic level

Pyramid of Numbers

illustrates the relative number of individuals in each trophic level

Water cycle

Evaporation, Precipitation, and runoff

transpiration

biological evaporation

Carbon cycle

synthesized by light, breathed in by organisms, decays into the ground and becomes fossil fuels or goes back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through cellular respiration

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen is taken in by primary producers, nitrogen-fixing bacteria take the nitrogen into the soil, taken in by nitrifying bacteria, and then used for plants, or taken in by denitrifying bacteria and put back into the atmosphere

phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus is dissolved into water, taken up by primary producers, reused by consumers, and released via excretions. harvested by human for fertilizer

Geographic Range

The area inhabited by a population is called its geographic range.

Population Density

number of individuals that can be found per unit area.

Population Distribution

The way individuals are spaced out across the range.

Age Structure

Distribution of age and sex across the population.

Exponential Growth

Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially, meaning the larger a population is, the faster it grows 

Logistic Growth

When a population’s growth slows and then stops, following a period of exponential growth, it is called logistic growth (S curve).

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support. Limited by biotic and abiotic factors

Limiting Factors

any factor that controls the growth of a population 

Density-dependent limiting factors

operate strongly when population density reaches a certain level.

Competition

More individuals use up resources sooner

Parasitism and Disease

Parasites, disease, and Stress from overcrowding can lead to lower birth rates, higher death rates, and higher emigration rates.

Herbivore Effects

Populations of herbivores and plants cycle up and down like populations of predators and prey.

Density-Independent Factors

affect all populations regardless of population size and density. 

Extinction

If carrying capacity falls low enough, populations can be wiped out, leading to population extinction.

Habitat

An area with a particular combination of physical and biological environmental factors that affect which organisms can live within it. 

microhabitat

a tiny part of a much larger habitat. It has its own set of environmental conditions called its microclimate. 

microbiome

a microbial community

Tolerance

The range of external conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce. A species best survives and reproduces within its optimal range. 

Niche

A species’ range of physical and biological conditions in which it can survive and reproduce, as well as the way it obtains the resources it needs.

Keystone Species

a species that plays a vital and unique role in maintaining structure, stability, and diversity in an ecosystem

Intraspecific

competition by members of the same species

interspecific

competition by members of different species

Competitive Exclusion Principle

No two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.

Symbiosis

relationship between two species

Commensalism

A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Mutualism 

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Parasitism

A relationship in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it.

Ecological Succession

A series of events that occur in a community over time.