Biology, Chapter 5A: Cells to Systems

Includes plant cells to systems, animal cells to systems

Unicellular

single celled organism responsible for itself

Multicellular

multiple cells working together to keep a body alive

Cells to System organisation

Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

Stem cells

cells that eventually specialise into performing specific functions which are then grouped into tissues

Plant cell to systems organisation

chloroplast, mesophyll cell, mesophyll layer, leaf, leaves, plant, plant vascular tissue, plant organs

Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis. made up of thylakoid, stoma, outer and inner membrane. found in mesophyll cells

Mesophyll Cells

cells found between the two epidermal layers of the leaf, containing large amounts of chloroplasts to conduct photosynthesis. divided into palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

Stomata

pores of the plant that opens or closes to allow exchange of gases like CO2, O2 and water vapour

Guard cells

bean-shaped cells that inflate with water to open stomatal pores or deflate to close them. regulates stomatal pore opening

Leaves

multiple leaves create a system of photosynthesis; can adapt characteristics like sharp hairs or waxy coatings to defend against external factors

Plant Vascular Tissue

found in complex, large, vascular plants. composed of epidermis cells, xylem cells and phloem cells, ground tissue, and pith

Plant organs

leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, roots

Animal cells to systems organisation

cells, tissues, organs, systems, animal

Cells to 4 main tissue groups

• Epilethial - external and internal layers of the body. protection,secretion, absorption

• Muscle - contracts to exert force. further divided into: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

• Nervous - detects stimuli, transmits electrical signals

• Connective - connects and supports other tissues and organ structures in body

Systems

Digestive, Excretory, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, integumentaryu, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive